Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago
Abstract Introduction Chicago’s deeply-rooted racial and socioeconomic residential segregation is a pattern mirrored in other major cities, making it a prototype for studying the uptake of public health interventions across the US. Residential segregation is related to availability of primary care,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2024-03-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18352-w |
| _version_ | 1797233208546295808 |
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| author | Grace Keegan Mengqi Zhu Maria Paz Hyojung Kang Ajanta Patel Arshiya A. Baig |
| author_facet | Grace Keegan Mengqi Zhu Maria Paz Hyojung Kang Ajanta Patel Arshiya A. Baig |
| author_sort | Grace Keegan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Introduction Chicago’s deeply-rooted racial and socioeconomic residential segregation is a pattern mirrored in other major cities, making it a prototype for studying the uptake of public health interventions across the US. Residential segregation is related to availability of primary care, sense of community, and trust in the healthcare system, components which are essential in the response to crises like Covid-19 in which vaccine rollout was primarily community-based. We aimed to evaluate the association between rates of access to primary care and community-belonging with Covid-19 vaccination within Chicago’s neighborhoods. Methods Data from Chicago Department of Public Health (12/2020-6/2022) on Covid-19 vaccination rates, race/ethnicity (% Black and % Hispanic/Latinx residents), age (% >65), gender (% female), socioeconomic status (% below the federal poverty line), access to needed care rate, and rate of self-reported sense of community-belonging on the neighborhood level were analyzed. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to study the impact of variables on vaccination; each neighborhood was added as a random effect to account for with-community association. Results The average Covid-19 vaccination rates across Chicago’s neighborhoods was 79%, ranging from 37 to 100%, with median 81%. We found that Covid-19 vaccination rates were positively correlated with access to needed care (p < 0.001) and community-belonging (p < 0.001). Community areas that had lower vaccination rates had greater percentage of Black residents (p < 0.0001) and greater poverty rates (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for poverty, race, gender and age in the models, the association between vaccination rates and access to care or community-belonging were no longer significant, but % Black residents and poverty remained significant. Conclusions Though access to needed primary care and community-belonging are correlated with vaccination rates, this association was not significant when controlling for demographic factors. The association between poverty, race and vaccination status remained significant, indicating that socioeconomic and racial disparities across Chicago drive Covid-19 vaccine recommendation adherence regardless of care access. Understanding how poverty, and its intersectional relation to race and primary care access, affects vaccination should be a priority for public health efforts broadly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:12:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-be8d5e2bf09f477d9074d681ab7cb7d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:12:31Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-be8d5e2bf09f477d9074d681ab7cb7d52024-03-31T11:37:47ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582024-03-012411710.1186/s12889-024-18352-wNeighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in ChicagoGrace Keegan0Mengqi Zhu1Maria Paz2Hyojung Kang3Ajanta Patel4Arshiya A. Baig5Pritzker School of Medicine, University of ChicagoDepartment of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of ChicagoPritzker School of Medicine, University of ChicagoDepartment of Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChicago Department of Public HealthDepartment of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of ChicagoAbstract Introduction Chicago’s deeply-rooted racial and socioeconomic residential segregation is a pattern mirrored in other major cities, making it a prototype for studying the uptake of public health interventions across the US. Residential segregation is related to availability of primary care, sense of community, and trust in the healthcare system, components which are essential in the response to crises like Covid-19 in which vaccine rollout was primarily community-based. We aimed to evaluate the association between rates of access to primary care and community-belonging with Covid-19 vaccination within Chicago’s neighborhoods. Methods Data from Chicago Department of Public Health (12/2020-6/2022) on Covid-19 vaccination rates, race/ethnicity (% Black and % Hispanic/Latinx residents), age (% >65), gender (% female), socioeconomic status (% below the federal poverty line), access to needed care rate, and rate of self-reported sense of community-belonging on the neighborhood level were analyzed. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to study the impact of variables on vaccination; each neighborhood was added as a random effect to account for with-community association. Results The average Covid-19 vaccination rates across Chicago’s neighborhoods was 79%, ranging from 37 to 100%, with median 81%. We found that Covid-19 vaccination rates were positively correlated with access to needed care (p < 0.001) and community-belonging (p < 0.001). Community areas that had lower vaccination rates had greater percentage of Black residents (p < 0.0001) and greater poverty rates (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for poverty, race, gender and age in the models, the association between vaccination rates and access to care or community-belonging were no longer significant, but % Black residents and poverty remained significant. Conclusions Though access to needed primary care and community-belonging are correlated with vaccination rates, this association was not significant when controlling for demographic factors. The association between poverty, race and vaccination status remained significant, indicating that socioeconomic and racial disparities across Chicago drive Covid-19 vaccine recommendation adherence regardless of care access. Understanding how poverty, and its intersectional relation to race and primary care access, affects vaccination should be a priority for public health efforts broadly.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18352-wCOVID-19VaccinationVaccine hesitancyHealth disparitiesPrimary care |
| spellingShingle | Grace Keegan Mengqi Zhu Maria Paz Hyojung Kang Ajanta Patel Arshiya A. Baig Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago BMC Public Health COVID-19 Vaccination Vaccine hesitancy Health disparities Primary care |
| title | Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago |
| title_full | Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago |
| title_fullStr | Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago |
| title_short | Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago |
| title_sort | neighborhood level factors associated with covid 19 vaccination rates a case study in chicago |
| topic | COVID-19 Vaccination Vaccine hesitancy Health disparities Primary care |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18352-w |
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