Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys
Abstract The decline of neotropical migratory birds in North America is closely tied to habitat loss, including the degradation of bottomland hardwood and riparian forests, which provide essential habitats for numerous species. To address this, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts bird survey...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91804-4 |
| _version_ | 1826560194788720640 |
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| author | David R. Stewart Steven E. Sesnie Paige Schmidt David Londe Matthew J. Butler Grant M. Harris John Stephens James M. Mueller |
| author_facet | David R. Stewart Steven E. Sesnie Paige Schmidt David Londe Matthew J. Butler Grant M. Harris John Stephens James M. Mueller |
| author_sort | David R. Stewart |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The decline of neotropical migratory birds in North America is closely tied to habitat loss, including the degradation of bottomland hardwood and riparian forests, which provide essential habitats for numerous species. To address this, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts bird surveys to monitor restoration efforts and evaluate conservation outcomes. This study assessed avian surveys from three National Wildlife Refuges in Texas and Oklahoma, using simulations, field data, and literature to evaluate current sampling protocols. Our findings revealed that achieving acceptable precision in bird density estimates (coefficient of variation: 0.15, 0.25) often requires more than 200 bird point counts, depending on the species and study area. While data aggregation across sites and years improved precision, it masked local trends critical for refuge-specific management. Imprecise results, particularly for rare species, underscored the need for improved protocols, such as repeat visits within a year, targeted sampling for priority species, and adaptive designs incorporating forest composition and structure data. These adjustments would enhance the precision of multispecies surveys, making them more effective for detecting changes in habitat quality. This study provides actionable recommendations to support service-wide efforts in strategic, data-driven monitoring and long-term conservation planning for neotropical migratory birds. |
| first_indexed | 2025-03-14T09:12:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bebd7053a6584cdd926b42d21865849f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-03-14T09:12:25Z |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-bebd7053a6584cdd926b42d21865849f2025-03-02T12:25:44ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-91804-4Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveysDavid R. Stewart0Steven E. Sesnie1Paige Schmidt2David Londe3Matthew J. Butler4Grant M. Harris5John Stephens6James M. Mueller7Division of Biological Sciences, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Biological Sciences, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Biological Sciences, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceDivision of Biological Sciences, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceCaddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceBalcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAbstract The decline of neotropical migratory birds in North America is closely tied to habitat loss, including the degradation of bottomland hardwood and riparian forests, which provide essential habitats for numerous species. To address this, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts bird surveys to monitor restoration efforts and evaluate conservation outcomes. This study assessed avian surveys from three National Wildlife Refuges in Texas and Oklahoma, using simulations, field data, and literature to evaluate current sampling protocols. Our findings revealed that achieving acceptable precision in bird density estimates (coefficient of variation: 0.15, 0.25) often requires more than 200 bird point counts, depending on the species and study area. While data aggregation across sites and years improved precision, it masked local trends critical for refuge-specific management. Imprecise results, particularly for rare species, underscored the need for improved protocols, such as repeat visits within a year, targeted sampling for priority species, and adaptive designs incorporating forest composition and structure data. These adjustments would enhance the precision of multispecies surveys, making them more effective for detecting changes in habitat quality. This study provides actionable recommendations to support service-wide efforts in strategic, data-driven monitoring and long-term conservation planning for neotropical migratory birds.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91804-4Avian surveysBottomland hardwood and riparian forestsConservation monitoringMultispecies surveysPoint counts |
| spellingShingle | David R. Stewart Steven E. Sesnie Paige Schmidt David Londe Matthew J. Butler Grant M. Harris John Stephens James M. Mueller Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys Scientific Reports Avian surveys Bottomland hardwood and riparian forests Conservation monitoring Multispecies surveys Point counts |
| title | Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| title_full | Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| title_fullStr | Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| title_short | Assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| title_sort | assessing trends and density of bird species in bottomland hardwood forests and riparian forests using simulation and sample size optimization for surveys |
| topic | Avian surveys Bottomland hardwood and riparian forests Conservation monitoring Multispecies surveys Point counts |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91804-4 |
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