Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
Dissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles’ fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this experimen...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422016210 |
| _version_ | 1828090140769124352 |
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| author | Mohammad Ashraf bin Ariffin Mohd Ridha bin Muhamad Sufian Raja Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin Farazila Yusof Tetsuo Suga Huihong Liu Yoshiaki Morisada Hidetoshi Fujii |
| author_facet | Mohammad Ashraf bin Ariffin Mohd Ridha bin Muhamad Sufian Raja Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin Farazila Yusof Tetsuo Suga Huihong Liu Yoshiaki Morisada Hidetoshi Fujii |
| author_sort | Mohammad Ashraf bin Ariffin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles’ fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this experiment, friction stir alloying (FSA) is proposed to solve this problem. The additive, consisting of different wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in Cu powder was first added into the gap between the workpieces and then friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at varied traverse speed and constant rotational speed. After the joining, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joints were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the Mg/steel joint revealed the formation of IMC at the interface of the joint. Further analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a dominant presence of Mg2Cu IMC which indicated the interdiffusion of Cu into Mg element to establish intermetallic bonding. The presence of CNT inside the Mg matrix was also confirmed by TEM which contributed to the strengthening effect of the joint. Tensile and microhardness results revealed a notable enhancement of joint mechanical properties when Cu-CNT additive was added as compared to specimens with only Cu additive, and specimens without additive. The enhanced tensile strength and microhardness of the Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joint was attributed to the dispersion of CNT inside the Mg matrix, which induced multiple dislocations in the surface region, therefore improving the mechanical properties of the joint. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T05:52:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bf1080220cb64ae5a13c12796e72bdee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T05:52:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-bf1080220cb64ae5a13c12796e72bdee2022-12-22T04:42:01ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542022-11-012124002415Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additiveMohammad Ashraf bin Ariffin0Mohd Ridha bin Muhamad1Sufian Raja2Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin3Farazila Yusof4Tetsuo Suga5Huihong Liu6Yoshiaki Morisada7Hidetoshi Fujii8Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Corresponding author.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Corresponding author.Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MalaysiaJoining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, JapanSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaJoining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, JapanJoining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, JapanDissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles’ fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this experiment, friction stir alloying (FSA) is proposed to solve this problem. The additive, consisting of different wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in Cu powder was first added into the gap between the workpieces and then friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at varied traverse speed and constant rotational speed. After the joining, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joints were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the Mg/steel joint revealed the formation of IMC at the interface of the joint. Further analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a dominant presence of Mg2Cu IMC which indicated the interdiffusion of Cu into Mg element to establish intermetallic bonding. The presence of CNT inside the Mg matrix was also confirmed by TEM which contributed to the strengthening effect of the joint. Tensile and microhardness results revealed a notable enhancement of joint mechanical properties when Cu-CNT additive was added as compared to specimens with only Cu additive, and specimens without additive. The enhanced tensile strength and microhardness of the Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joint was attributed to the dispersion of CNT inside the Mg matrix, which induced multiple dislocations in the surface region, therefore improving the mechanical properties of the joint.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422016210Friction stir alloyingFriction stir weldingDissimilar jointPowder additivesCarbon nanotubesSteel |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Ashraf bin Ariffin Mohd Ridha bin Muhamad Sufian Raja Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin Farazila Yusof Tetsuo Suga Huihong Liu Yoshiaki Morisada Hidetoshi Fujii Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive Journal of Materials Research and Technology Friction stir alloying Friction stir welding Dissimilar joint Powder additives Carbon nanotubes Steel |
| title | Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive |
| title_full | Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive |
| title_fullStr | Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive |
| title_full_unstemmed | Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive |
| title_short | Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive |
| title_sort | friction stir alloying of az61 and mild steel with cu cnt additive |
| topic | Friction stir alloying Friction stir welding Dissimilar joint Powder additives Carbon nanotubes Steel |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422016210 |
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