Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems
Heparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Applied Nano |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/2/2/9 |
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| author | Yuri B. G. Patriota Luíse L. Chaves Evren H. Gocke Patricia Severino Mônica F. R. Soares José L. Soares-Sobrinho Eliana B. Souto |
| author_facet | Yuri B. G. Patriota Luíse L. Chaves Evren H. Gocke Patricia Severino Mônica F. R. Soares José L. Soares-Sobrinho Eliana B. Souto |
| author_sort | Yuri B. G. Patriota |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS. The understanding of the range of anticoagulant assays, together with their key applications and limitations, is essential both within the context of scientific research and for clinical usage. This review provides an overview of the current anticoagulant therapy and discusses the advantages and limitations of currently available anticoagulant assays. We also discuss studies involving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-based nanocarriers with emphasis on their anticoagulation performance. Conventional anticoagulants have been used for decades for the treatment of many diseases. Direct oral anticoagulants have overcome some limitations of heparins and vitamin K antagonists. However, the lack of an accurate laboratory assessment, as well as the lack of a factor “xaban” (Xa) inhibitor reversal agent, remains a major problem associated with these anticoagulants. LMWHs represent anticoagulant agents with noteworthy efficacy and safety, and they have been explored to improve their outcomes with various nanocarriers through several administration routes. The main problems related to LMWHs have been surmounted, and improved efficiency may be achieved through the use of DDSs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:53:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bf6da64a09a745b281dfb65a0dd87cf7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-3501 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:53:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Nano |
| spelling | doaj.art-bf6da64a09a745b281dfb65a0dd87cf72023-11-22T02:34:04ZengMDPI AGApplied Nano2673-35012021-05-01229811710.3390/applnano2020009Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery SystemsYuri B. G. Patriota0Luíse L. Chaves1Evren H. Gocke2Patricia Severino3Mônica F. R. Soares4José L. Soares-Sobrinho5Eliana B. Souto6Quality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, BrazilQuality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, BrazilDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir 35100, TurkeyLaboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMed), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, BrazilQuality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, BrazilQuality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, BrazilFaculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalHeparin-based delivery systems have been explored to improve their therapeutic efficacy and to reduce toxicity for different administration routes. Regardless of the applied drug delivery system (DDS), the evaluation of anticoagulant performance is instrumental for the development of a suitable DDS. The understanding of the range of anticoagulant assays, together with their key applications and limitations, is essential both within the context of scientific research and for clinical usage. This review provides an overview of the current anticoagulant therapy and discusses the advantages and limitations of currently available anticoagulant assays. We also discuss studies involving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-based nanocarriers with emphasis on their anticoagulation performance. Conventional anticoagulants have been used for decades for the treatment of many diseases. Direct oral anticoagulants have overcome some limitations of heparins and vitamin K antagonists. However, the lack of an accurate laboratory assessment, as well as the lack of a factor “xaban” (Xa) inhibitor reversal agent, remains a major problem associated with these anticoagulants. LMWHs represent anticoagulant agents with noteworthy efficacy and safety, and they have been explored to improve their outcomes with various nanocarriers through several administration routes. The main problems related to LMWHs have been surmounted, and improved efficiency may be achieved through the use of DDSs.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/2/2/9heparinanticoagulant drugsdrug delivery systemsanticoagulant assays |
| spellingShingle | Yuri B. G. Patriota Luíse L. Chaves Evren H. Gocke Patricia Severino Mônica F. R. Soares José L. Soares-Sobrinho Eliana B. Souto Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems Applied Nano heparin anticoagulant drugs drug delivery systems anticoagulant assays |
| title | Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems |
| title_full | Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems |
| title_fullStr | Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems |
| title_short | Applied Nanotechnologies in Anticoagulant Therapy: From Anticoagulants to Coagulation Test Performance of Drug Delivery Systems |
| title_sort | applied nanotechnologies in anticoagulant therapy from anticoagulants to coagulation test performance of drug delivery systems |
| topic | heparin anticoagulant drugs drug delivery systems anticoagulant assays |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/2/2/9 |
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