Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties
In order to valorize the species <i>Crocus sativus</i> from Morocco and to prepare new products with high added value that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, our interest was focused on the phytochemical characterization and the biological and pharmacological properties...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/545 |
| _version_ | 1827744060513714176 |
|---|---|
| author | Aziz Drioiche Atika Ailli Nadia Handaq Firdaous Remok Mohamed Elouardi Hajar Elouadni Omkulthom Al Kamaly Asmaa Saleh Mohamed Bouhrim Hanane Elazzouzi Fadoua El Makhoukhi Touriya Zair |
| author_facet | Aziz Drioiche Atika Ailli Nadia Handaq Firdaous Remok Mohamed Elouardi Hajar Elouadni Omkulthom Al Kamaly Asmaa Saleh Mohamed Bouhrim Hanane Elazzouzi Fadoua El Makhoukhi Touriya Zair |
| author_sort | Aziz Drioiche |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In order to valorize the species <i>Crocus sativus</i> from Morocco and to prepare new products with high added value that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, our interest was focused on the phytochemical characterization and the biological and pharmacological properties of the stigmas of this plant. For this purpose, the essential oil of this species, extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by GC-MS, revealed a predominance of phorone (12.90%); (R)-(-)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (11.65%); isopropyl palmitate (9.68%); dihydro-<i>β</i>-ionone (8.62%); safranal (6.39%); <i>trans</i>-<i>β</i>-ionone (4.81%); 4-keto-isophorone (4.72%); and 1-eicosanol (4.55%) as the major compounds. The extraction of phenolic compounds was performed by decoction and Soxhlet extraction. The results of the determination of flavonoids, total polyphenols, condensed tannins, and hydrolyzable tannins determined by spectrophotometric methods on aqueous and organic extracts have proved the richness of <i>Crocus sativus</i> in phenolic compounds. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC/UV-ESI-MS of <i>Crocus sativus</i> extracts revealed the presence of crocin, picrocrocin, crocetin, and safranal molecules specific to this species. The study of antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity) has proved that <i>C. sativus</i> is a potential source of natural antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>) was investigated by microdilution on a microplate. The results have revealed the efficacy of the aqueous extract against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Shigella</i> sp. with MIC ≤ 600 µg/mL and against <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Candida kyfer</i>, and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> with MIC = 2500 µg/mL. Measurements of pro-thrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in citrated plasma obtained from routine healthy blood donors were used to determine the anticoagulant activity of aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>). The anticoagulant activity of the extract (E<sub>0</sub>) studied showed that this extract can significantly prolong the partial thromboplastin time (<i>p</i> < 0.001) with a 359 µg/mL concentration. The antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract was studied in albino Wistar rats. The aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>) showed strong in vitro inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared with acarbose. Thus, it very significantly inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia in albino Wistar rats. According to the demonstrated results, we can affirm the richness of <i>Crocus sativus</i> stigmas in bioactive molecules and its use in traditional medicine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:39:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bf8b948384fa46dd8d8a6b2710fb424e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:39:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-bf8b948384fa46dd8d8a6b2710fb424e2023-11-17T20:50:27ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472023-04-0116454510.3390/ph16040545Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic PropertiesAziz Drioiche0Atika Ailli1Nadia Handaq2Firdaous Remok3Mohamed Elouardi4Hajar Elouadni5Omkulthom Al Kamaly6Asmaa Saleh7Mohamed Bouhrim8Hanane Elazzouzi9Fadoua El Makhoukhi10Touriya Zair11Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaLaboratory of Biological Engineering, Team of Functional and Pathological Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal 23000, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoResearch Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, MoroccoIn order to valorize the species <i>Crocus sativus</i> from Morocco and to prepare new products with high added value that can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, our interest was focused on the phytochemical characterization and the biological and pharmacological properties of the stigmas of this plant. For this purpose, the essential oil of this species, extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by GC-MS, revealed a predominance of phorone (12.90%); (R)-(-)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (11.65%); isopropyl palmitate (9.68%); dihydro-<i>β</i>-ionone (8.62%); safranal (6.39%); <i>trans</i>-<i>β</i>-ionone (4.81%); 4-keto-isophorone (4.72%); and 1-eicosanol (4.55%) as the major compounds. The extraction of phenolic compounds was performed by decoction and Soxhlet extraction. The results of the determination of flavonoids, total polyphenols, condensed tannins, and hydrolyzable tannins determined by spectrophotometric methods on aqueous and organic extracts have proved the richness of <i>Crocus sativus</i> in phenolic compounds. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC/UV-ESI-MS of <i>Crocus sativus</i> extracts revealed the presence of crocin, picrocrocin, crocetin, and safranal molecules specific to this species. The study of antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity) has proved that <i>C. sativus</i> is a potential source of natural antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>) was investigated by microdilution on a microplate. The results have revealed the efficacy of the aqueous extract against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Shigella</i> sp. with MIC ≤ 600 µg/mL and against <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Candida kyfer</i>, and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> with MIC = 2500 µg/mL. Measurements of pro-thrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in citrated plasma obtained from routine healthy blood donors were used to determine the anticoagulant activity of aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>). The anticoagulant activity of the extract (E<sub>0</sub>) studied showed that this extract can significantly prolong the partial thromboplastin time (<i>p</i> < 0.001) with a 359 µg/mL concentration. The antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract was studied in albino Wistar rats. The aqueous extract (E<sub>0</sub>) showed strong in vitro inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared with acarbose. Thus, it very significantly inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia in albino Wistar rats. According to the demonstrated results, we can affirm the richness of <i>Crocus sativus</i> stigmas in bioactive molecules and its use in traditional medicine.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/545<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.phoronecrocinspicrocrocinsafranalDPPH |
| spellingShingle | Aziz Drioiche Atika Ailli Nadia Handaq Firdaous Remok Mohamed Elouardi Hajar Elouadni Omkulthom Al Kamaly Asmaa Saleh Mohamed Bouhrim Hanane Elazzouzi Fadoua El Makhoukhi Touriya Zair Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties Pharmaceuticals <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. phorone crocins picrocrocin safranal DPPH |
| title | Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties |
| title_full | Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties |
| title_short | Identification of Compounds of <i>Crocus sativus</i> by GC-MS and HPLC/UV-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoagulant, and Antidiabetic Properties |
| title_sort | identification of compounds of i crocus sativus i by gc ms and hplc uv esi ms and evaluation of their antioxidant antimicrobial anticoagulant and antidiabetic properties |
| topic | <i>Crocus sativus</i> L. phorone crocins picrocrocin safranal DPPH |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/4/545 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT azizdrioiche identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT atikaailli identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT nadiahandaq identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT firdaousremok identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT mohamedelouardi identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT hajarelouadni identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT omkulthomalkamaly identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT asmaasaleh identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT mohamedbouhrim identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT hananeelazzouzi identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT fadouaelmakhoukhi identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties AT touriyazair identificationofcompoundsoficrocussativusibygcmsandhplcuvesimsandevaluationoftheirantioxidantantimicrobialanticoagulantandantidiabeticproperties |