Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review
Multi-terminal HVDC grids facilitate the integration of various renewable resources from distant locations; in addition, they enhance the reliability and stability of the grid. Protection is one of the major obstacles in realizing reliable and secure multi-terminal HVDC grids. This paper presents a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9552 |
| _version_ | 1797459558535266304 |
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| author | Mohamed Radwan Sahar Pirooz Azad |
| author_facet | Mohamed Radwan Sahar Pirooz Azad |
| author_sort | Mohamed Radwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multi-terminal HVDC grids facilitate the integration of various renewable resources from distant locations; in addition, they enhance the reliability and stability of the grid. Protection is one of the major obstacles in realizing reliable and secure multi-terminal HVDC grids. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids. First, DC fault current stages are demonstrated; in addition, fault analysis studies and the existing fault current calculation methods are reviewed. Then, HVDC grid protection requirements including multi-vendor interoperability conditions are extensively discussed. Furthermore, primary protection algorithms are classified into single- and double-ended schemes, and a detailed comparison between each category is presented such that the distinctive algorithms from each group are highlighted. Moreover, the recent DC reclosing schemes are reviewed highlighting their role in enhancing grid stability and ensuring supply continuity. Finally, available standards for HVDC protection systems alongside their design considerations and procedures are thoroughly outlined. This paper focuses on the recently proposed methods to design reliable protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids and highlights the main advantages and disadvantages associated with them; thus, it offers a beneficial guide for researchers in the HVDC protection field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:53:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-bfa058f9604e45e3bd512587b08cc6a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:53:05Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-bfa058f9604e45e3bd512587b08cc6a32023-11-24T14:39:02ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-12-011524955210.3390/en15249552Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive ReviewMohamed Radwan0Sahar Pirooz Azad1Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaElectrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaMulti-terminal HVDC grids facilitate the integration of various renewable resources from distant locations; in addition, they enhance the reliability and stability of the grid. Protection is one of the major obstacles in realizing reliable and secure multi-terminal HVDC grids. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids. First, DC fault current stages are demonstrated; in addition, fault analysis studies and the existing fault current calculation methods are reviewed. Then, HVDC grid protection requirements including multi-vendor interoperability conditions are extensively discussed. Furthermore, primary protection algorithms are classified into single- and double-ended schemes, and a detailed comparison between each category is presented such that the distinctive algorithms from each group are highlighted. Moreover, the recent DC reclosing schemes are reviewed highlighting their role in enhancing grid stability and ensuring supply continuity. Finally, available standards for HVDC protection systems alongside their design considerations and procedures are thoroughly outlined. This paper focuses on the recently proposed methods to design reliable protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids and highlights the main advantages and disadvantages associated with them; thus, it offers a beneficial guide for researchers in the HVDC protection field.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9552HVDC grid protectionMMC convertersdouble-ended schemessingle-ended schemesprotection strategiesDC circuit breakers |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Radwan Sahar Pirooz Azad Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review Energies HVDC grid protection MMC converters double-ended schemes single-ended schemes protection strategies DC circuit breakers |
| title | Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | protection of multi terminal hvdc grids a comprehensive review |
| topic | HVDC grid protection MMC converters double-ended schemes single-ended schemes protection strategies DC circuit breakers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/24/9552 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohamedradwan protectionofmultiterminalhvdcgridsacomprehensivereview AT saharpiroozazad protectionofmultiterminalhvdcgridsacomprehensivereview |