Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
The water quality of the Golmud River is essential for environmental preservation and economic growth of Golmud city and Qarhan Salt Lake in China. Thirty-four samples of surface water and sediment from seventeen places in the Golmud River and thirty-two dustfall samples in the Qaidam Basin were col...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1095731/full |
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| author | Na Cai Na Cai Na Cai Leiming Li Haixia Zhu Haixia Zhu Liang Chen Liang Chen Shanping Li Fanwei Meng Xiying Zhang Xiying Zhang |
| author_facet | Na Cai Na Cai Na Cai Leiming Li Haixia Zhu Haixia Zhu Liang Chen Liang Chen Shanping Li Fanwei Meng Xiying Zhang Xiying Zhang |
| author_sort | Na Cai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The water quality of the Golmud River is essential for environmental preservation and economic growth of Golmud city and Qarhan Salt Lake in China. Thirty-four samples of surface water and sediment from seventeen places in the Golmud River and thirty-two dustfall samples in the Qaidam Basin were collected. The concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) were measured; water quality, risk assessment, and multiple source analysis were applied. Concentrations of HMs in water were Zn > Cu > Ni > As > Pb > Cd > Hg, and in sediment were Ni > Zn > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg. In water, the Nemerow pollution index (NP) values indicated that most of the sampling points seemly were seriously polluted; other water quality assessment results suggested no pollution. In sediment, the concentrations of 27% HMs exceeded the background values of soil in Qinghai; 48% exceeded the Earth crust background values, which were As, Hg, and Cd. The single factor index method (Pi), geological accumulation index (Igeo), and contamination factor (CF) revealed that As pollution is serious, followed by Hg and Cd; the pollution load index (PLI) and modified pollution index (mCd) values indicated that 64% and 57% of samples were polluted. NP values are shown serious pollution. The ecological risk results demonstrated a low risk in water and a medium risk in sediment. The average total hazard quotient values in sediment and water for adults and children revealed low non-carcinogenic risks. Carcinogenic risk indicated Ni in water and sediment, and As in sediment may be involved in cancer risk. Multivariate statistics showed that the HMs mainly came from nature, and human activities will also impact them. The upper continental crust values indicated that As and Hg have high background values. The saline dust storm was one of the essential sources of HMs, especially Hg. Various provenances constituted the material cycling of HMs in the surface environment. |
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| id | doaj.art-c01de090af3949fdb84d5717e28b61f0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:46:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-c01de090af3949fdb84d5717e28b61f02023-01-05T15:43:18ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2023-01-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.10957311095731Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, ChinaNa Cai0Na Cai1Na Cai2Leiming Li3Haixia Zhu4Haixia Zhu5Liang Chen6Liang Chen7Shanping Li8Fanwei Meng9Xiying Zhang10Xiying Zhang11Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, ChinaQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lake, Xining, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, ChinaKey Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, ChinaQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lake, Xining, ChinaKey Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, ChinaQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lake, Xining, ChinaQinghai Geological Survey Institute, Xining, ChinaSchool of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, ChinaQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lake, Xining, ChinaThe water quality of the Golmud River is essential for environmental preservation and economic growth of Golmud city and Qarhan Salt Lake in China. Thirty-four samples of surface water and sediment from seventeen places in the Golmud River and thirty-two dustfall samples in the Qaidam Basin were collected. The concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) were measured; water quality, risk assessment, and multiple source analysis were applied. Concentrations of HMs in water were Zn > Cu > Ni > As > Pb > Cd > Hg, and in sediment were Ni > Zn > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg. In water, the Nemerow pollution index (NP) values indicated that most of the sampling points seemly were seriously polluted; other water quality assessment results suggested no pollution. In sediment, the concentrations of 27% HMs exceeded the background values of soil in Qinghai; 48% exceeded the Earth crust background values, which were As, Hg, and Cd. The single factor index method (Pi), geological accumulation index (Igeo), and contamination factor (CF) revealed that As pollution is serious, followed by Hg and Cd; the pollution load index (PLI) and modified pollution index (mCd) values indicated that 64% and 57% of samples were polluted. NP values are shown serious pollution. The ecological risk results demonstrated a low risk in water and a medium risk in sediment. The average total hazard quotient values in sediment and water for adults and children revealed low non-carcinogenic risks. Carcinogenic risk indicated Ni in water and sediment, and As in sediment may be involved in cancer risk. Multivariate statistics showed that the HMs mainly came from nature, and human activities will also impact them. The upper continental crust values indicated that As and Hg have high background values. The saline dust storm was one of the essential sources of HMs, especially Hg. Various provenances constituted the material cycling of HMs in the surface environment.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1095731/fullGolmud Riverwater qualitysurface water and sedimentheavy metalsrisk assessmentsource |
| spellingShingle | Na Cai Na Cai Na Cai Leiming Li Haixia Zhu Haixia Zhu Liang Chen Liang Chen Shanping Li Fanwei Meng Xiying Zhang Xiying Zhang Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China Frontiers in Environmental Science Golmud River water quality surface water and sediment heavy metals risk assessment source |
| title | Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China |
| title_full | Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China |
| title_fullStr | Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China |
| title_short | Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China |
| title_sort | multiple evaluations risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the golmud river northeastern qinghai tibet plateau china |
| topic | Golmud River water quality surface water and sediment heavy metals risk assessment source |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1095731/full |
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