Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i>
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> are Gram-positive, spore-forming, and anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent neurotoxins, botulinum toxin (BoNT) and tetanus toxin (TeNT), responsible for flaccid and spastic paralysis, respectively. The main...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/6/364 |
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| author | Michel R. Popoff Holger Brüggemann |
| author_facet | Michel R. Popoff Holger Brüggemann |
| author_sort | Michel R. Popoff |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> are Gram-positive, spore-forming, and anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent neurotoxins, botulinum toxin (BoNT) and tetanus toxin (TeNT), responsible for flaccid and spastic paralysis, respectively. The main habitat of these toxigenic bacteria is the environment (soil, sediments, cadavers, decayed plants, intestinal content of healthy carrier animals). <i>C. botulinum</i> can grow and produce BoNT in food, leading to food-borne botulism, and in some circumstances, <i>C. botulinum</i> can colonize the intestinal tract and induce infant botulism or adult intestinal toxemia botulism. More rarely, <i>C. botulinum</i> colonizes wounds, whereas tetanus is always a result of wound contamination by <i>C. tetani.</i> The synthesis of neurotoxins is strictly regulated by complex regulatory networks. The highest levels of neurotoxins are produced at the end of the exponential growth and in the early stationary growth phase. Both microorganisms, except <i>C. botulinum</i> E, share an alternative sigma factor, BotR and TetR, respectively, the genes of which are located upstream of the neurotoxin genes. These factors are essential for neurotoxin gene expression. <i>C. botulinum</i> and <i>C. tetani</i> share also a two-component system (TCS) that negatively regulates neurotoxin synthesis, but each microorganism uses additional distinct sets of TCSs. Neurotoxin synthesis is interlocked with the general metabolism, and CodY, a master regulator of metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria, is involved in both clostridial species. The environmental and nutritional factors controlling neurotoxin synthesis are still poorly understood. The transition from amino acid to peptide metabolism seems to be an important factor. Moreover, a small non-coding RNA in <i>C. tetani</i>, and quorum-sensing systems in <i>C. botulinum</i> and possibly in <i>C. tetani</i>, also control toxin synthesis. However, both species use also distinct regulatory pathways; this reflects the adaptation of <i>C. botulinum</i> and <i>C. tetani</i> to different ecological niches. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:19:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c02467b87d3246ddab6af598c2d8d77c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:19:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c02467b87d3246ddab6af598c2d8d77c2023-11-23T19:16:39ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-05-0114636410.3390/toxins14060364Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i>Michel R. Popoff0Holger Brüggemann1Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, FranceDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark<i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> are Gram-positive, spore-forming, and anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent neurotoxins, botulinum toxin (BoNT) and tetanus toxin (TeNT), responsible for flaccid and spastic paralysis, respectively. The main habitat of these toxigenic bacteria is the environment (soil, sediments, cadavers, decayed plants, intestinal content of healthy carrier animals). <i>C. botulinum</i> can grow and produce BoNT in food, leading to food-borne botulism, and in some circumstances, <i>C. botulinum</i> can colonize the intestinal tract and induce infant botulism or adult intestinal toxemia botulism. More rarely, <i>C. botulinum</i> colonizes wounds, whereas tetanus is always a result of wound contamination by <i>C. tetani.</i> The synthesis of neurotoxins is strictly regulated by complex regulatory networks. The highest levels of neurotoxins are produced at the end of the exponential growth and in the early stationary growth phase. Both microorganisms, except <i>C. botulinum</i> E, share an alternative sigma factor, BotR and TetR, respectively, the genes of which are located upstream of the neurotoxin genes. These factors are essential for neurotoxin gene expression. <i>C. botulinum</i> and <i>C. tetani</i> share also a two-component system (TCS) that negatively regulates neurotoxin synthesis, but each microorganism uses additional distinct sets of TCSs. Neurotoxin synthesis is interlocked with the general metabolism, and CodY, a master regulator of metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria, is involved in both clostridial species. The environmental and nutritional factors controlling neurotoxin synthesis are still poorly understood. The transition from amino acid to peptide metabolism seems to be an important factor. Moreover, a small non-coding RNA in <i>C. tetani</i>, and quorum-sensing systems in <i>C. botulinum</i> and possibly in <i>C. tetani</i>, also control toxin synthesis. However, both species use also distinct regulatory pathways; this reflects the adaptation of <i>C. botulinum</i> and <i>C. tetani</i> to different ecological niches.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/6/364<i>Clostridium tetani</i><i>Clostridium botulinum</i>botulinum neurotoxintetanus neurotoxintoxin gene regulationtwo-component system |
| spellingShingle | Michel R. Popoff Holger Brüggemann Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> Toxins <i>Clostridium tetani</i> <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> botulinum neurotoxin tetanus neurotoxin toxin gene regulation two-component system |
| title | Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> |
| title_full | Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> |
| title_fullStr | Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> |
| title_short | Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> and <i>Clostridium tetani</i> |
| title_sort | regulatory networks controlling neurotoxin synthesis in i clostridium botulinum i and i clostridium tetani i |
| topic | <i>Clostridium tetani</i> <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> botulinum neurotoxin tetanus neurotoxin toxin gene regulation two-component system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/6/364 |
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