Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine
Biological nutrient removal from wastewater to reach acceptable levels is needed to protect water resources and avoid eutrophication. The start-up of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process from scratch was investigated in a 20 L sequence batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with a mixture of ae...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/3/350 |
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| author | Ivar Zekker Oleg Artemchuk Ergo Rikmann Kelvin Ohimai Gourav Dhar Bhowmick Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar Juris Burlakovs Taavo Tenno |
| author_facet | Ivar Zekker Oleg Artemchuk Ergo Rikmann Kelvin Ohimai Gourav Dhar Bhowmick Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar Juris Burlakovs Taavo Tenno |
| author_sort | Ivar Zekker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biological nutrient removal from wastewater to reach acceptable levels is needed to protect water resources and avoid eutrophication. The start-up of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process from scratch was investigated in a 20 L sequence batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic sludge at 30 ± 0.5 °C with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2–3 days. The use of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, NaNO<sub>2</sub>, and reject water as nitrogen sources created different salinity periods, in which the anammox process performance was assessed: low (<0.2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L), high (18.2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L), or optimum salinity (0.5–2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L). Reject water feeding gave the optimum salinity, with an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 80%, and a TNRR of 0.08 kg N/m<sup>3</sup>/d being achieved after 193 days. The main aim was to show the effect of a hydrazine addition on the specific anammox activity (SAA) and denitrification activity in the start-up process to boost the autotrophic nitrogen removal from scratch. The effect of the anammox intermediate hydrazine addition was tested to assess its concentration effect (range of 2–12.5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L) on diminishing denitrifier activity and accelerating anammox activity at the same time. Heterotrophic denitrifiers’ activity was diminished by all hydrazine additions compared to the control; 5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L added enhanced SAA compared to the control, achieving an SAA of 0.72 (±0.01) mg N/g MLSS/h, while the test with 7.5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L reached the highest overall SAA of 0.98 (±0.09) mg N g/MLSS/h. The addition of trace amounts of hydrazine for 6 h was also able to enhance SAA after inhibition by organic carbon source sodium acetate addition at a high C/N ratio of 10/1. The start-up of anammox bacteria from the aerobic–anaerobic suspended biomass was successful, with hydrazine significantly accelerating anammox activity and decreasing denitrifier activity, making the method applicable for side-stream as well as mainstream treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:16:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c04c66a465db4f44bca048318370fc75 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:16:18Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c04c66a465db4f44bca048318370fc752023-12-03T15:22:07ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-01-0113335010.3390/w13030350Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by HydrazineIvar Zekker0Oleg Artemchuk1Ergo Rikmann2Kelvin Ohimai3Gourav Dhar Bhowmick4Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar5Juris Burlakovs6Taavo Tenno7Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaDepartment of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaDepartment of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, LatviaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaBiological nutrient removal from wastewater to reach acceptable levels is needed to protect water resources and avoid eutrophication. The start-up of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process from scratch was investigated in a 20 L sequence batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic sludge at 30 ± 0.5 °C with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2–3 days. The use of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, NaNO<sub>2</sub>, and reject water as nitrogen sources created different salinity periods, in which the anammox process performance was assessed: low (<0.2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L), high (18.2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L), or optimum salinity (0.5–2 g of Cl<sup>−</sup>/L). Reject water feeding gave the optimum salinity, with an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 80%, and a TNRR of 0.08 kg N/m<sup>3</sup>/d being achieved after 193 days. The main aim was to show the effect of a hydrazine addition on the specific anammox activity (SAA) and denitrification activity in the start-up process to boost the autotrophic nitrogen removal from scratch. The effect of the anammox intermediate hydrazine addition was tested to assess its concentration effect (range of 2–12.5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L) on diminishing denitrifier activity and accelerating anammox activity at the same time. Heterotrophic denitrifiers’ activity was diminished by all hydrazine additions compared to the control; 5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L added enhanced SAA compared to the control, achieving an SAA of 0.72 (±0.01) mg N/g MLSS/h, while the test with 7.5 mg of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>/L reached the highest overall SAA of 0.98 (±0.09) mg N g/MLSS/h. The addition of trace amounts of hydrazine for 6 h was also able to enhance SAA after inhibition by organic carbon source sodium acetate addition at a high C/N ratio of 10/1. The start-up of anammox bacteria from the aerobic–anaerobic suspended biomass was successful, with hydrazine significantly accelerating anammox activity and decreasing denitrifier activity, making the method applicable for side-stream as well as mainstream treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/3/350anammoxreject watersalinityhydrazinegranular biomassanammox activity |
| spellingShingle | Ivar Zekker Oleg Artemchuk Ergo Rikmann Kelvin Ohimai Gourav Dhar Bhowmick Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar Juris Burlakovs Taavo Tenno Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine Water anammox reject water salinity hydrazine granular biomass anammox activity |
| title | Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine |
| title_full | Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine |
| title_fullStr | Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine |
| title_short | Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific <em>Inoculum</em> and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine |
| title_sort | start up of anammox sbr from non specific em inoculum em and process acceleration methods by hydrazine |
| topic | anammox reject water salinity hydrazine granular biomass anammox activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/3/350 |
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