Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability
Resonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detec...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-08-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/8/1283 |
| _version_ | 1827730409629155328 |
|---|---|
| author | Kexin Wang Zelong Wang Yuxuan Wu Yuan Xia Yuchang Xun Fuju Wu Jing Jiao Lifang Du |
| author_facet | Kexin Wang Zelong Wang Yuxuan Wu Yuan Xia Yuchang Xun Fuju Wu Jing Jiao Lifang Du |
| author_sort | Kexin Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Resonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detectable metal atoms and ions in the atmosphere were calculated. The calculated maximum backscattering cross section of Na at the D<sub>2</sub> line is 7.38 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; K at the D<sub>1</sub> line is 7.37 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 372 nm line is 7.53 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 374 nm line is 6.98 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 386 nm line is 3.75 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ni at the 337 nm line is 4.05 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; and Ni at the 341 nm line is 2.05 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ca is 3.06 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ca<sup>+</sup> is 1.12 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr. The influence of the laser linewidth on the effective scattering cross section was discussed. If the laser linewidth is lower than 2 GHz to detect Na, the laser center frequency locked at the D<sub>2a</sub> line is a better option than the D<sub>2</sub> line in order to obtain greater signals. If an unlocked lidar is used to detect Na, the frequency at D<sub>2a</sub> should be used as the laser center frequency when the effective scattering cross section of Na was calculated, because the absorption cross section of Na atom has two local maxima. This work proposes a quantifiable comparative method for assessing the observation difficulty of different metal particles by comparing their relative uncertainties in lidar observation. It is assumed that under the same observation conditions, the detectability of different metal atoms and ions is compared. Using Na as a basis for comparison, the relative uncertainty of Ni at 337 nm is the highest, about a factor of 21 larger than that of Na, indicating that it is the most difficult to be detected. The purpose of this work is to present a quantifiable comparison method for the detection difficulty of the metal particles by lidar in the middle and upper atmosphere, which has great significance for the design of the lidar system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:07:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c0632d4f4bf34cd5b8ced23feddec880 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:07:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-c0632d4f4bf34cd5b8ced23feddec8802023-11-19T00:13:14ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-08-01148128310.3390/atmos14081283Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their DetectabilityKexin Wang0Zelong Wang1Yuxuan Wu2Yuan Xia3Yuchang Xun4Fuju Wu5Jing Jiao6Lifang Du7College of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, ChinaCollege of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, ChinaCollege of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, ChinaSchool of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, ChinaCollege of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, ChinaInstitute of Electromagnetic Wave, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinaResonance fluorescence scattering is the physical mechanism with which lidar detects atmospheric metal layers. The resonance fluorescence scattering cross section is an important parameter for lidar data processing. In this work, the resonance fluorescence backscattering cross sections of most detectable metal atoms and ions in the atmosphere were calculated. The calculated maximum backscattering cross section of Na at the D<sub>2</sub> line is 7.38 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; K at the D<sub>1</sub> line is 7.37 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 372 nm line is 7.53 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 374 nm line is 6.98 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Fe at the 386 nm line is 3.75 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ni at the 337 nm line is 4.05 × 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; and Ni at the 341 nm line is 2.05 × 10<sup>−17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ca is 3.06 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr; Ca<sup>+</sup> is 1.12 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/sr. The influence of the laser linewidth on the effective scattering cross section was discussed. If the laser linewidth is lower than 2 GHz to detect Na, the laser center frequency locked at the D<sub>2a</sub> line is a better option than the D<sub>2</sub> line in order to obtain greater signals. If an unlocked lidar is used to detect Na, the frequency at D<sub>2a</sub> should be used as the laser center frequency when the effective scattering cross section of Na was calculated, because the absorption cross section of Na atom has two local maxima. This work proposes a quantifiable comparative method for assessing the observation difficulty of different metal particles by comparing their relative uncertainties in lidar observation. It is assumed that under the same observation conditions, the detectability of different metal atoms and ions is compared. Using Na as a basis for comparison, the relative uncertainty of Ni at 337 nm is the highest, about a factor of 21 larger than that of Na, indicating that it is the most difficult to be detected. The purpose of this work is to present a quantifiable comparison method for the detection difficulty of the metal particles by lidar in the middle and upper atmosphere, which has great significance for the design of the lidar system.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/8/1283lidaratmospheric metal layereffective backscattering cross sectiondetectability |
| spellingShingle | Kexin Wang Zelong Wang Yuxuan Wu Yuan Xia Yuchang Xun Fuju Wu Jing Jiao Lifang Du Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability Atmosphere lidar atmospheric metal layer effective backscattering cross section detectability |
| title | Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability |
| title_full | Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability |
| title_fullStr | Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability |
| title_short | Calculation of Resonance Fluorescence Scattering Cross Sections of Metal Particles in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Comparison of Their Detectability |
| title_sort | calculation of resonance fluorescence scattering cross sections of metal particles in the middle and upper atmosphere and comparison of their detectability |
| topic | lidar atmospheric metal layer effective backscattering cross section detectability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/8/1283 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kexinwang calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT zelongwang calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT yuxuanwu calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT yuanxia calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT yuchangxun calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT fujuwu calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT jingjiao calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability AT lifangdu calculationofresonancefluorescencescatteringcrosssectionsofmetalparticlesinthemiddleandupperatmosphereandcomparisonoftheirdetectability |