Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
Type 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/402 |
| _version_ | 1797617809461608448 |
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| author | Prabuddha S. Pathinayake Nikhil T. Awatade Peter A. B. Wark |
| author_facet | Prabuddha S. Pathinayake Nikhil T. Awatade Peter A. B. Wark |
| author_sort | Prabuddha S. Pathinayake |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the airway epithelium. IL-13 treatment in airway epithelial cells followed by SARS-CoV-2 diminished viral entry, replication, spread, and cell death. IL-13 reduces the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the airway epithelium and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), particularly in ciliated cells. It also alters the cellular composition toward a secretory-cell-rich phenotype reducing total ciliated cells and, thus, reducing viral tropism. IL-13 enhances Muc5ac mucin and glycocalyx secretion in the periciliary layer, which acts as a physical barrier to restrict virus attachment. Moreover, type 2 airway immune cells, such as M2 alveolar macrophages, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells, and innate lymphoid 2 cells, may also rescue type 2 airways from SARS-CoV-2-induced adverse effects. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how type 2 immunity alters immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences on COVID-19 pathogenesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c06bd17fd4ba4d5a891e863f7f5ee603 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-c06bd17fd4ba4d5a891e863f7f5ee6032023-11-16T23:48:31ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-01-0115240210.3390/v15020402Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the AirwaysPrabuddha S. Pathinayake0Nikhil T. Awatade1Peter A. B. Wark2School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle and Immune Health Program Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle and Immune Health Program Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, AustraliaSchool of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle and Immune Health Program Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2308, AustraliaType 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the airway epithelium. IL-13 treatment in airway epithelial cells followed by SARS-CoV-2 diminished viral entry, replication, spread, and cell death. IL-13 reduces the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the airway epithelium and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), particularly in ciliated cells. It also alters the cellular composition toward a secretory-cell-rich phenotype reducing total ciliated cells and, thus, reducing viral tropism. IL-13 enhances Muc5ac mucin and glycocalyx secretion in the periciliary layer, which acts as a physical barrier to restrict virus attachment. Moreover, type 2 airway immune cells, such as M2 alveolar macrophages, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells, and innate lymphoid 2 cells, may also rescue type 2 airways from SARS-CoV-2-induced adverse effects. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how type 2 immunity alters immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences on COVID-19 pathogenesis.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/402COVID-19SARS-CoV-2type 2 immunityairway epitheliumasthmaM2 macrophages |
| spellingShingle | Prabuddha S. Pathinayake Nikhil T. Awatade Peter A. B. Wark Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways Viruses COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 type 2 immunity airway epithelium asthma M2 macrophages |
| title | Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways |
| title_full | Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways |
| title_fullStr | Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways |
| title_full_unstemmed | Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways |
| title_short | Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways |
| title_sort | type 2 immunity and its impact on covid 19 infection in the airways |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 type 2 immunity airway epithelium asthma M2 macrophages |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/402 |
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