Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a non-aromatic compound belonging to the bromine flame retardant family and is a known persistent organic pollutant (POP). This compound accumulates easily in the environment and has a high half-life in water. With a variety of uses, the HBCD is found in house dust,...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/409 |
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| author | Maria Lopes Marques Elisa Cairrao |
| author_facet | Maria Lopes Marques Elisa Cairrao |
| author_sort | Maria Lopes Marques |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a non-aromatic compound belonging to the bromine flame retardant family and is a known persistent organic pollutant (POP). This compound accumulates easily in the environment and has a high half-life in water. With a variety of uses, the HBCD is found in house dust, electronics, insulation, and construction. There are several isomers and the most studied are α-, β-, and γ-HBCD. Initially used as a substitute for other flame retardants, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the discovery of its role as a POP made HBCD use and manufacturing restricted in Europe and other countries. The adverse effects on the environment and human health have been piling, either as a result from its accumulation or considering its power as an endocrine disruptor (ED). Furthermore, it has also been proven that it has detrimental effects on the neuronal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, liver, and the reproductive system. HBCD has also been linked to cytokine production, DNA damage, increased cell apoptosis, increased oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, this review aims to compile the most recent studies regarding the negative effects of this compound on the environment and human health, describing the possible mechanisms by which this compound acts and its possible toxic effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:16:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c07424f4ccde406eba04a4e89ae743c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:16:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-c07424f4ccde406eba04a4e89ae743c12023-11-18T03:32:15ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-04-0111540910.3390/toxics11050409Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated ReviewMaria Lopes Marques0Elisa Cairrao1CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, PortugalCICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, PortugalHexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a non-aromatic compound belonging to the bromine flame retardant family and is a known persistent organic pollutant (POP). This compound accumulates easily in the environment and has a high half-life in water. With a variety of uses, the HBCD is found in house dust, electronics, insulation, and construction. There are several isomers and the most studied are α-, β-, and γ-HBCD. Initially used as a substitute for other flame retardants, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the discovery of its role as a POP made HBCD use and manufacturing restricted in Europe and other countries. The adverse effects on the environment and human health have been piling, either as a result from its accumulation or considering its power as an endocrine disruptor (ED). Furthermore, it has also been proven that it has detrimental effects on the neuronal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, liver, and the reproductive system. HBCD has also been linked to cytokine production, DNA damage, increased cell apoptosis, increased oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, this review aims to compile the most recent studies regarding the negative effects of this compound on the environment and human health, describing the possible mechanisms by which this compound acts and its possible toxic effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/409persistent organic pollutantbromine flame retardantHBCDendocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC)environmental toxicityhuman toxicity |
| spellingShingle | Maria Lopes Marques Elisa Cairrao Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review Toxics persistent organic pollutant bromine flame retardant HBCD endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) environmental toxicity human toxicity |
| title | Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review |
| title_full | Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review |
| title_short | Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review |
| title_sort | occurrence and health effects of hexabromocyclododecane an updated review |
| topic | persistent organic pollutant bromine flame retardant HBCD endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) environmental toxicity human toxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/5/409 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marialopesmarques occurrenceandhealtheffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneanupdatedreview AT elisacairrao occurrenceandhealtheffectsofhexabromocyclododecaneanupdatedreview |