Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most dangerous metabolic diseases with a high rate of mortality worldwide. It is well known that insulin resistance and deficiency in insulin production from pancreatic β-cells are the main characteristics of DM. Due to the detrimental side effects of the current...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-11-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/11/1149 |
| _version_ | 1797547444111671296 |
|---|---|
| author | Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala Jelili A. Badmus Jeanine L. Marnewick Emmanuel I. Iwuoha Felix Nchu Ahmed A. Hussein |
| author_facet | Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala Jelili A. Badmus Jeanine L. Marnewick Emmanuel I. Iwuoha Felix Nchu Ahmed A. Hussein |
| author_sort | Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most dangerous metabolic diseases with a high rate of mortality worldwide. It is well known that insulin resistance and deficiency in insulin production from pancreatic β-cells are the main characteristics of DM. Due to the detrimental side effects of the current treatment, there is a considerable need to develop new effective antidiabetic drugs, especially alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors with lesser adverse effects. These inhibitors are known to be directly involved in the delay of carbohydrate digestion, resulting in a reduction of glucose absorption rate and, consequently, reducing the postprandial rise of plasma glucose, which can reduce the risk of long-term diabetes complications. Furthermore, natural products are well-known sources for the discovery of new bioactive compounds that can serve as scaffolds for drug discovery, including that of new antidiabetic drugs. The phytochemical investigation of <i>Salvia aurita</i> collected from Hogobach Pass, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa (SA), yielded four known abietane diterpenes namely carnosol (<b>1</b>), rosmanol (<b>2</b>), 7-methoxyrosmanol (<b>3</b>), 12-methoxycarnosic acid (<b>4</b>), and one flavonoid named 4,7-dimethylapigenin (<b>5</b>). Structural characterization of these isolated compounds was conducted using 1 and 2D NMR, in comparison with reported spectroscopic data. These compounds are reported for the first time from <i>S. aurita</i>. The biological evaluation of the isolated compound against alpha-glucosidase exhibited strong inhibitory activities for <b>3</b> and <b>2</b> with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) values of 4.2 ± 0.7 and 16.4 ± 1.1 µg/mL respectively, while <b>4</b> and <b>1</b> demonstrated strong alpha-amylase inhibitory activity amongst the isolated compounds with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 16.2 ± 0.3 and 19.8 ± 1.4 µg/mL. Molecular docking analysis confirms the strong inhibitory activity of <b>3</b> against alpha-glucosidase. Additionally, excellent antioxidant capacities were displayed by <b>2</b>, <b>1,</b> and <b>3,</b> respectively, with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (25.79 ± 0.01; 23.96 ± 0.01; 23.94 ± 0.02) mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g; <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> as ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (3.92 ± 0.002; 1.52 ± 0.002) mM ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g; <b>5</b> and <b>2</b> as Trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC) (3.19 ± 0.003; 2.06 ± 0.003) mM TE/g. The methanolic extract of <i>S. aurita</i> is a rich source of abietane diterpenes with excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities that can be useful to modulate oxidative stress and might possibly be excellent candidates for the management of diabetes. This is the first scientific report on the phytochemical isolation and biological evaluation of the alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of <i>Salvia aurita</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:44:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c076271c7dfd4ae2a31eeb6d29bf3dc9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:44:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-c076271c7dfd4ae2a31eeb6d29bf3dc92023-11-20T21:35:06ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212020-11-01911114910.3390/antiox9111149Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> ConstituentsNinon G. E. R. Etsassala0Jelili A. Badmus1Jeanine L. Marnewick2Emmanuel I. Iwuoha3Felix Nchu4Ahmed A. Hussein5Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South AfricaApplied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South AfricaApplied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South AfricaChemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South AfricaChemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Rd., Bellville 7535, South AfricaDiabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most dangerous metabolic diseases with a high rate of mortality worldwide. It is well known that insulin resistance and deficiency in insulin production from pancreatic β-cells are the main characteristics of DM. Due to the detrimental side effects of the current treatment, there is a considerable need to develop new effective antidiabetic drugs, especially alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors with lesser adverse effects. These inhibitors are known to be directly involved in the delay of carbohydrate digestion, resulting in a reduction of glucose absorption rate and, consequently, reducing the postprandial rise of plasma glucose, which can reduce the risk of long-term diabetes complications. Furthermore, natural products are well-known sources for the discovery of new bioactive compounds that can serve as scaffolds for drug discovery, including that of new antidiabetic drugs. The phytochemical investigation of <i>Salvia aurita</i> collected from Hogobach Pass, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa (SA), yielded four known abietane diterpenes namely carnosol (<b>1</b>), rosmanol (<b>2</b>), 7-methoxyrosmanol (<b>3</b>), 12-methoxycarnosic acid (<b>4</b>), and one flavonoid named 4,7-dimethylapigenin (<b>5</b>). Structural characterization of these isolated compounds was conducted using 1 and 2D NMR, in comparison with reported spectroscopic data. These compounds are reported for the first time from <i>S. aurita</i>. The biological evaluation of the isolated compound against alpha-glucosidase exhibited strong inhibitory activities for <b>3</b> and <b>2</b> with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) values of 4.2 ± 0.7 and 16.4 ± 1.1 µg/mL respectively, while <b>4</b> and <b>1</b> demonstrated strong alpha-amylase inhibitory activity amongst the isolated compounds with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 16.2 ± 0.3 and 19.8 ± 1.4 µg/mL. Molecular docking analysis confirms the strong inhibitory activity of <b>3</b> against alpha-glucosidase. Additionally, excellent antioxidant capacities were displayed by <b>2</b>, <b>1,</b> and <b>3,</b> respectively, with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (25.79 ± 0.01; 23.96 ± 0.01; 23.94 ± 0.02) mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g; <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> as ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (3.92 ± 0.002; 1.52 ± 0.002) mM ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g; <b>5</b> and <b>2</b> as Trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC) (3.19 ± 0.003; 2.06 ± 0.003) mM TE/g. The methanolic extract of <i>S. aurita</i> is a rich source of abietane diterpenes with excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities that can be useful to modulate oxidative stress and might possibly be excellent candidates for the management of diabetes. This is the first scientific report on the phytochemical isolation and biological evaluation of the alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of <i>Salvia aurita</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/11/1149diabetes mellitusoxidative stressalpha-glucosidasealpha-amylase<i>Salvia aurita</i>abietane diterpenes |
| spellingShingle | Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala Jelili A. Badmus Jeanine L. Marnewick Emmanuel I. Iwuoha Felix Nchu Ahmed A. Hussein Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents Antioxidants diabetes mellitus oxidative stress alpha-glucosidase alpha-amylase <i>Salvia aurita</i> abietane diterpenes |
| title | Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents |
| title_full | Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents |
| title_fullStr | Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents |
| title_short | Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of <i>Salvia aurita</i> Constituents |
| title_sort | alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase inhibitory activities molecular docking and antioxidant capacities of i salvia aurita i constituents |
| topic | diabetes mellitus oxidative stress alpha-glucosidase alpha-amylase <i>Salvia aurita</i> abietane diterpenes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/11/1149 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ninongeretsassala alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents AT jeliliabadmus alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents AT jeaninelmarnewick alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents AT emmanueliiwuoha alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents AT felixnchu alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents AT ahmedahussein alphaglucosidaseandalphaamylaseinhibitoryactivitiesmoleculardockingandantioxidantcapacitiesofisalviaauritaiconstituents |