A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments
In this paper we consider the D2D (Device-to-Device) communication taking place between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) elements operating in vegetation environments in order to achieve the radio channel characterization at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled f...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4606 |
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| author | Imanol Picallo Hicham Klaina Peio Lopez-Iturri Erik Aguirre Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Alejandro Eguizábal Francisco Falcone Ana Alejos |
| author_facet | Imanol Picallo Hicham Klaina Peio Lopez-Iturri Erik Aguirre Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Alejandro Eguizábal Francisco Falcone Ana Alejos |
| author_sort | Imanol Picallo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper we consider the D2D (Device-to-Device) communication taking place between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) elements operating in vegetation environments in order to achieve the radio channel characterization at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled from specimens found in a real recreation area located within forest environments. In order to fit and validate a radio channel model for this type of scenarios, both measurements and simulations by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching algorithm have been performed, offering as outcomes the path loss and multipath information of the scenarios under study for forest immersed isolated trees and non-isolated trees. The specific forests, composed of thick in-leaf trees, are called Orgi Forest and Chandebrito, located respectively in Navarre and Galicia, Spain. A geometrical and dielectric model of the trees were created and introduced in the simulation software. We concluded that the scattering produced by the tree can be divided into two zones with different dominant propagation mechanisms: an obstructed line of sight (OLoS) zone far from the tree fitting a log-distance model, and a diffraction zone around the edge of the tree. 2D planes of delay spread value are also presented which similarly reflects the proposed two-zone model. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:52:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c0902c14f6e74aafa1a2ccad785146f6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:52:23Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-c0902c14f6e74aafa1a2ccad785146f62022-12-22T04:25:16ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-10-011921460610.3390/s19214606s19214606A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest EnvironmentsImanol Picallo0Hicham Klaina1Peio Lopez-Iturri2Erik Aguirre3Mikel Celaya-Echarri4Leyre Azpilicueta5Alejandro Eguizábal6Francisco Falcone7Ana Alejos8Department of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, SpainDepartment of Signal theory and Communications, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, SpainDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, SpainSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, MexicoSchool of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, MexicoDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, SpainDepartment of Electric, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, SpainDepartment of Signal theory and Communications, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, SpainIn this paper we consider the D2D (Device-to-Device) communication taking place between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) elements operating in vegetation environments in order to achieve the radio channel characterization at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled from specimens found in a real recreation area located within forest environments. In order to fit and validate a radio channel model for this type of scenarios, both measurements and simulations by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching algorithm have been performed, offering as outcomes the path loss and multipath information of the scenarios under study for forest immersed isolated trees and non-isolated trees. The specific forests, composed of thick in-leaf trees, are called Orgi Forest and Chandebrito, located respectively in Navarre and Galicia, Spain. A geometrical and dielectric model of the trees were created and introduced in the simulation software. We concluded that the scattering produced by the tree can be divided into two zones with different dominant propagation mechanisms: an obstructed line of sight (OLoS) zone far from the tree fitting a log-distance model, and a diffraction zone around the edge of the tree. 2D planes of delay spread value are also presented which similarly reflects the proposed two-zone model.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4606device-to-deviceinternet of thingswireless sensor networksvegetationray launching5gradio channel modelscatteringlog-distance |
| spellingShingle | Imanol Picallo Hicham Klaina Peio Lopez-Iturri Erik Aguirre Mikel Celaya-Echarri Leyre Azpilicueta Alejandro Eguizábal Francisco Falcone Ana Alejos A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments Sensors device-to-device internet of things wireless sensor networks vegetation ray launching 5g radio channel model scattering log-distance |
| title | A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments |
| title_full | A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments |
| title_fullStr | A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments |
| title_short | A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments |
| title_sort | radio channel model for d2d communications blocked by single trees in forest environments |
| topic | device-to-device internet of things wireless sensor networks vegetation ray launching 5g radio channel model scattering log-distance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/21/4606 |
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