SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics
In this study, the intrinsic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based approach coupled with chemometric analysis was adopted to establish the biochemical fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infected human fluids: saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs. The numerical methods, partial least squares discriminan...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/11/9706 |
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| author | Sylwia M. Berus Ariadna B. Nowicka Julia Wieruszewska Krzysztof Niciński Aneta A. Kowalska Tomasz R. Szymborski Izabela Dróżdż Maciej Borowiec Jacek Waluk Agnieszka Kamińska |
| author_facet | Sylwia M. Berus Ariadna B. Nowicka Julia Wieruszewska Krzysztof Niciński Aneta A. Kowalska Tomasz R. Szymborski Izabela Dróżdż Maciej Borowiec Jacek Waluk Agnieszka Kamińska |
| author_sort | Sylwia M. Berus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the intrinsic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based approach coupled with chemometric analysis was adopted to establish the biochemical fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infected human fluids: saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs. The numerical methods, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine classification (SVMC), facilitated the spectroscopic identification of the viral-specific molecules, molecular changes, and distinct physiological signatures of pathetically altered fluids. Next, we developed the reliable classification model for fast identification and differentiation of negative CoV(−) and positive CoV(+) groups. The PLS-DA calibration model was described by a great statistical value—RMSEC and RMSECV below 0.3 and R<sup>2</sup><sub>cal</sub> at the level of ~0.7 for both type of body fluids. The calculated diagnostic parameters for SVMC and PLS-DA at the stage of preparation of calibration model and classification of external samples simulating real diagnostic conditions evinced high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for saliva specimens. Here, we outlined the significant role of neopterin as the biomarker in the prediction of COVID-19 infection from nasopharyngeal swab. We also observed the increased content of nucleic acids of DNA/RNA and proteins such as ferritin as well as specific immunoglobulins. The developed SERS for SARS-CoV-2 approach allows: (i) fast, simple and non-invasive collection of analyzed specimens; (ii) fast response with the time of analysis below 15 min, and (iii) sensitive and reliable SERS-based screening of COVID-19 disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:04:58Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:04:58Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c0d59a785d57468ea15c78b751e3cca62023-11-18T08:02:53ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-06-012411970610.3390/ijms24119706SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care DiagnosticsSylwia M. Berus0Ariadna B. Nowicka1Julia Wieruszewska2Krzysztof Niciński3Aneta A. Kowalska4Tomasz R. Szymborski5Izabela Dróżdż6Maciej Borowiec7Jacek Waluk8Agnieszka Kamińska9Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, PolandDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, PolandIn this study, the intrinsic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based approach coupled with chemometric analysis was adopted to establish the biochemical fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infected human fluids: saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs. The numerical methods, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine classification (SVMC), facilitated the spectroscopic identification of the viral-specific molecules, molecular changes, and distinct physiological signatures of pathetically altered fluids. Next, we developed the reliable classification model for fast identification and differentiation of negative CoV(−) and positive CoV(+) groups. The PLS-DA calibration model was described by a great statistical value—RMSEC and RMSECV below 0.3 and R<sup>2</sup><sub>cal</sub> at the level of ~0.7 for both type of body fluids. The calculated diagnostic parameters for SVMC and PLS-DA at the stage of preparation of calibration model and classification of external samples simulating real diagnostic conditions evinced high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for saliva specimens. Here, we outlined the significant role of neopterin as the biomarker in the prediction of COVID-19 infection from nasopharyngeal swab. We also observed the increased content of nucleic acids of DNA/RNA and proteins such as ferritin as well as specific immunoglobulins. The developed SERS for SARS-CoV-2 approach allows: (i) fast, simple and non-invasive collection of analyzed specimens; (ii) fast response with the time of analysis below 15 min, and (iii) sensitive and reliable SERS-based screening of COVID-19 disease.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/11/9706SARS-CoV-2salivanasopharyngeal swabssurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopychemometric analysis |
| spellingShingle | Sylwia M. Berus Ariadna B. Nowicka Julia Wieruszewska Krzysztof Niciński Aneta A. Kowalska Tomasz R. Szymborski Izabela Dróżdż Maciej Borowiec Jacek Waluk Agnieszka Kamińska SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics International Journal of Molecular Sciences SARS-CoV-2 saliva nasopharyngeal swabs surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy chemometric analysis |
| title | SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics |
| title_full | SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics |
| title_fullStr | SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics |
| title_full_unstemmed | SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics |
| title_short | SERS Signature of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs: Towards Perspective COVID-19 Point-of-Care Diagnostics |
| title_sort | sers signature of sars cov 2 in saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs towards perspective covid 19 point of care diagnostics |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 saliva nasopharyngeal swabs surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy chemometric analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/11/9706 |
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