Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia)
Geodetic methods are integral to mapping surface and subsurface objects and phenomena. Modern geodetic technologies such as laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have also become a standard part of the mapping and documentation of cave spaces. In some cases, these technologies cannot accurately...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4481 |
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| author | Karol Bartoš Katarína Pukanská Ľubomír Kseňak Juraj Gašinec Pavel Bella |
| author_facet | Karol Bartoš Katarína Pukanská Ľubomír Kseňak Juraj Gašinec Pavel Bella |
| author_sort | Karol Bartoš |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Geodetic methods are integral to mapping surface and subsurface objects and phenomena. Modern geodetic technologies such as laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have also become a standard part of the mapping and documentation of cave spaces. In some cases, these technologies cannot accurately capture the measured surface and thus provide reliable data. One such example is the ice with specific surface characteristics in caves with ice deposits. One of the world’s most studied ice caves is the Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia), which has undergone significant changes in the ice-filling area and volume in recent years. To monitor and analyze all these changes properly, we need to know the surface and volume of this ice mass and monitor it regularly. Where modern geodetic methods such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or digital photogrammetry may fail due to the ice’s physical properties, we propose using cross-polarized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. As a case study, this method was used in a 28 m long ice tunnel in this cave. Two polarizing filters (on the flash as a light source and on the camera lens) were used in 90° rotation to each other to achieve the cross-polarization effect and remove surface reflections. This removed the surface reflections, giving us a compact and accurate point cloud of the entire tunnel. The dense cloud from cross-polarized (CP) photogrammetry is denser and more compact and does not contain as many outliers and noise points when compared to non-cross-polarized (non-CP) photogrammetry. The TLS point cloud covers the entire surface of the tunnel without significant holes; however, the penetration of the beam through the ice makes such a cloud unusable. Only the cloud from CP photogrammetry covers the entire surface of the tunnel densely enough without additional noise. This methodology can then be used in other parts of the cave or other geomorphological applications to suppress reflections so high-quality results for further processing and analysis can be obtained. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:05:44Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:05:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-c12918b8d15e48549029fa72f92ad8002023-11-19T12:48:16ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-09-011518448110.3390/rs15184481Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia)Karol Bartoš0Katarína Pukanská1Ľubomír Kseňak2Juraj Gašinec3Pavel Bella4Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 040 01 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 040 01 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 040 01 Košice, SlovakiaDepartment of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB Technical University Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech RepublicDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ružomberok, Hrabovská Cesta 1, 031 04 Ružomberok, SlovakiaGeodetic methods are integral to mapping surface and subsurface objects and phenomena. Modern geodetic technologies such as laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have also become a standard part of the mapping and documentation of cave spaces. In some cases, these technologies cannot accurately capture the measured surface and thus provide reliable data. One such example is the ice with specific surface characteristics in caves with ice deposits. One of the world’s most studied ice caves is the Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia), which has undergone significant changes in the ice-filling area and volume in recent years. To monitor and analyze all these changes properly, we need to know the surface and volume of this ice mass and monitor it regularly. Where modern geodetic methods such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or digital photogrammetry may fail due to the ice’s physical properties, we propose using cross-polarized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. As a case study, this method was used in a 28 m long ice tunnel in this cave. Two polarizing filters (on the flash as a light source and on the camera lens) were used in 90° rotation to each other to achieve the cross-polarization effect and remove surface reflections. This removed the surface reflections, giving us a compact and accurate point cloud of the entire tunnel. The dense cloud from cross-polarized (CP) photogrammetry is denser and more compact and does not contain as many outliers and noise points when compared to non-cross-polarized (non-CP) photogrammetry. The TLS point cloud covers the entire surface of the tunnel without significant holes; however, the penetration of the beam through the ice makes such a cloud unusable. Only the cloud from CP photogrammetry covers the entire surface of the tunnel densely enough without additional noise. This methodology can then be used in other parts of the cave or other geomorphological applications to suppress reflections so high-quality results for further processing and analysis can be obtained.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4481digital photogrammetrystructure-from-motioncross polarizationreflective surfacesice cave |
| spellingShingle | Karol Bartoš Katarína Pukanská Ľubomír Kseňak Juraj Gašinec Pavel Bella Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) Remote Sensing digital photogrammetry structure-from-motion cross polarization reflective surfaces ice cave |
| title | Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) |
| title_full | Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) |
| title_fullStr | Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) |
| title_short | Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia) |
| title_sort | cross polarized sfm photogrammetry for the spatial reconstruction of challenging surfaces the case study of dobsina ice cave slovakia |
| topic | digital photogrammetry structure-from-motion cross polarization reflective surfaces ice cave |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4481 |
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