NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe
Accurately modeling the cold gas content in the universe is challenging for current theoretical models. We propose a new empirical model NeutralUniverseMachine for the evolution of H i and H _2 gas along with dark matter halos based on the UniverseMachine catalog. It is able to accurately describe t...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aced47 |
| _version_ | 1797665291492130816 |
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| author | Hong Guo Jing Wang Michael G. Jones Peter Behroozi |
| author_facet | Hong Guo Jing Wang Michael G. Jones Peter Behroozi |
| author_sort | Hong Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accurately modeling the cold gas content in the universe is challenging for current theoretical models. We propose a new empirical model NeutralUniverseMachine for the evolution of H i and H _2 gas along with dark matter halos based on the UniverseMachine catalog. It is able to accurately describe the observed H i and H _2 mass functions, molecular-to-atomic ratio, H i –halo mass relation, H i /H _2 –stellar mass relations at z ∼ 0, as well as the evolution of cosmic gas densities ρ _H I and ${\rho }_{{{\rm{H}}}_{2}}$ at 0 < z < 6. The predictions from our model include the following: (i) There is weak evolution of H i mass function at 0 < z < 3, but the evolution of H _2 mass function is much stronger at the massive end. (ii) The average H i and H _2 masses at a given stellar mass decrease by around 1 dex since z = 3 for the star-forming galaxies, but the evolution for the quenched galaxies is much weaker. (iii) Star-forming galaxies have a varying H i depletion time τ _H I from 0.1–10 Gyr, and the dependence of τ _H I on stellar mass and redshift is much stronger than those of the H _2 depletion time. The quenched galaxies have a much longer gas depletion time and weaker redshift evolution. (iv) The cosmic baryon density associated with galaxies is dominated by stars at z < 1.2 and mainly contributed by H i gas at higher redshifts. (v) The H i bias gradually increases with the redshift from 0.69 to 2.33 at 0 < z < 3 and is consistent with recent H i intensity mapping experiments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:41:50Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:41:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-c12d8b1403d848819fcb6a54cfad1aca2023-10-06T09:12:13ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-0195515710.3847/1538-4357/aced47NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the UniverseHong Guo0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-8247Jing Wang1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-8820Michael G. Jones2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5434-4904Peter Behroozi3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-6446Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China ; guohong@shao.ac.cnKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaSteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanAccurately modeling the cold gas content in the universe is challenging for current theoretical models. We propose a new empirical model NeutralUniverseMachine for the evolution of H i and H _2 gas along with dark matter halos based on the UniverseMachine catalog. It is able to accurately describe the observed H i and H _2 mass functions, molecular-to-atomic ratio, H i –halo mass relation, H i /H _2 –stellar mass relations at z ∼ 0, as well as the evolution of cosmic gas densities ρ _H I and ${\rho }_{{{\rm{H}}}_{2}}$ at 0 < z < 6. The predictions from our model include the following: (i) There is weak evolution of H i mass function at 0 < z < 3, but the evolution of H _2 mass function is much stronger at the massive end. (ii) The average H i and H _2 masses at a given stellar mass decrease by around 1 dex since z = 3 for the star-forming galaxies, but the evolution for the quenched galaxies is much weaker. (iii) Star-forming galaxies have a varying H i depletion time τ _H I from 0.1–10 Gyr, and the dependence of τ _H I on stellar mass and redshift is much stronger than those of the H _2 depletion time. The quenched galaxies have a much longer gas depletion time and weaker redshift evolution. (iv) The cosmic baryon density associated with galaxies is dominated by stars at z < 1.2 and mainly contributed by H i gas at higher redshifts. (v) The H i bias gradually increases with the redshift from 0.69 to 2.33 at 0 < z < 3 and is consistent with recent H i intensity mapping experiments.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aced47Baryon densityH I line emissionGalaxy dark matter halosStar formationCircumgalactic mediumMolecular gas |
| spellingShingle | Hong Guo Jing Wang Michael G. Jones Peter Behroozi NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe The Astrophysical Journal Baryon density H I line emission Galaxy dark matter halos Star formation Circumgalactic medium Molecular gas |
| title | NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe |
| title_full | NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe |
| title_fullStr | NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe |
| title_full_unstemmed | NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe |
| title_short | NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H2 Gas in the Universe |
| title_sort | neutraluniversemachine an empirical model for the evolution of h i and h2 gas in the universe |
| topic | Baryon density H I line emission Galaxy dark matter halos Star formation Circumgalactic medium Molecular gas |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aced47 |
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