Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019
Data from surveillance networks show that men have a higher incidence rate of infections with anti-microbial-resistant (AMR) pathogens than women. We systematically analysed data of infections and colonisations with AMR pathogens under mandatory surveillance in Germany to quantify gender-specific di...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/894 |
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author | Michael Brandl Alexandra Hoffmann Niklas Willrich Annicka Reuss Felix Reichert Jan Walter Tim Eckmanns Sebastian Haller |
author_facet | Michael Brandl Alexandra Hoffmann Niklas Willrich Annicka Reuss Felix Reichert Jan Walter Tim Eckmanns Sebastian Haller |
author_sort | Michael Brandl |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Data from surveillance networks show that men have a higher incidence rate of infections with anti-microbial-resistant (AMR) pathogens than women. We systematically analysed data of infections and colonisations with AMR pathogens under mandatory surveillance in Germany to quantify gender-specific differences. We calculated incidence-rates (IR) per 100,000 person–years for invasive infections with Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), and for infections or colonisations with carbapenem-non-susceptible <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. (CRA), and Enterobacterales (CRE), using the entire German population as a denominator. We limited the study periods to years with complete notification data (MRSA: 2010–2019, CRA/CRE: 2017–2019). We used Poisson regression to adjust for gender, age group, federal state, and year of notification. In the study periods, IR for all notifications were 4.2 for MRSA, 0.90 for CRA, and 4.8 for CRE per 100,000 person-–years. The adjusted IR ratio for infections of men compared to women was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2–2.3) for MRSA, 2.2 (95%CI: 1.9–2.7) for CRA, and 1.7 (95%CI: 1.6–1.8) for CRE. Men in Germany show about double the risk for infection with AMR pathogens than women. This was also true for colonisations, where data were available. Screening procedures and associated hygiene measures may profit from a gender-stratified approach. |
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spelling | doaj.art-c1394fb9308f4faaaa627b903e7aa0052023-11-21T16:37:21ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-04-019589410.3390/microorganisms9050894Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019Michael Brandl0Alexandra Hoffmann1Niklas Willrich2Annicka Reuss3Felix Reichert4Jan Walter5Tim Eckmanns6Sebastian Haller7Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyUnit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyUnit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyUnit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyPostgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyPostgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyUnit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyUnit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 10113 Berlin, GermanyData from surveillance networks show that men have a higher incidence rate of infections with anti-microbial-resistant (AMR) pathogens than women. We systematically analysed data of infections and colonisations with AMR pathogens under mandatory surveillance in Germany to quantify gender-specific differences. We calculated incidence-rates (IR) per 100,000 person–years for invasive infections with Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), and for infections or colonisations with carbapenem-non-susceptible <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. (CRA), and Enterobacterales (CRE), using the entire German population as a denominator. We limited the study periods to years with complete notification data (MRSA: 2010–2019, CRA/CRE: 2017–2019). We used Poisson regression to adjust for gender, age group, federal state, and year of notification. In the study periods, IR for all notifications were 4.2 for MRSA, 0.90 for CRA, and 4.8 for CRE per 100,000 person-–years. The adjusted IR ratio for infections of men compared to women was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2–2.3) for MRSA, 2.2 (95%CI: 1.9–2.7) for CRA, and 1.7 (95%CI: 1.6–1.8) for CRE. Men in Germany show about double the risk for infection with AMR pathogens than women. This was also true for colonisations, where data were available. Screening procedures and associated hygiene measures may profit from a gender-stratified approach.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/894antimicrobial resistancegender distributionmethicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteralescarbapenem-non-susceptible <i>Acinetobacter</i> |
spellingShingle | Michael Brandl Alexandra Hoffmann Niklas Willrich Annicka Reuss Felix Reichert Jan Walter Tim Eckmanns Sebastian Haller Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 Microorganisms antimicrobial resistance gender distribution methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacterales carbapenem-non-susceptible <i>Acinetobacter</i> |
title | Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 |
title_full | Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 |
title_fullStr | Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 |
title_full_unstemmed | Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 |
title_short | Bugs That Can Resist Antibiotics but Not Men: Gender-Specific Differences in Notified Infections and Colonisations in Germany, 2010–2019 |
title_sort | bugs that can resist antibiotics but not men gender specific differences in notified infections and colonisations in germany 2010 2019 |
topic | antimicrobial resistance gender distribution methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacterales carbapenem-non-susceptible <i>Acinetobacter</i> |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/894 |
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