GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site
The Wanshan calibration site (WSCS) is the first in-situ field for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of HY-2 satellite series in China. It was built in December, 2018 and began business operation in 2020. In order to define an accurate datum for Cal/Val of altimeters, the permanent GNSS station (...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6235 |
| _version_ | 1797455468229033984 |
|---|---|
| author | Wanlin Zhai Jianhua Zhu Mingsen Lin Chaofei Ma Chuntao Chen Xiaoqi Huang Yufei Zhang Wu Zhou He Wang Longhao Yan |
| author_facet | Wanlin Zhai Jianhua Zhu Mingsen Lin Chaofei Ma Chuntao Chen Xiaoqi Huang Yufei Zhang Wu Zhou He Wang Longhao Yan |
| author_sort | Wanlin Zhai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Wanshan calibration site (WSCS) is the first in-situ field for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of HY-2 satellite series in China. It was built in December, 2018 and began business operation in 2020. In order to define an accurate datum for Cal/Val of altimeters, the permanent GNSS station (PGS) data of the WSCS observed on Zhiwan (ZWAN) and Wailingding (WLDD) islands were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software in a regional solution, combined with 61 GNSS stations distributed nearby, collected from the GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University (GRC). The Hector software was used to analyze the trend of North (N), East (E), and Up (U) directions using six different noise models with criteria of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). We found that the favorite noise models were white noise plus generalized Gauss–Markov noise (WN + GGM), followed by generalized Gauss–Markov noise (GGM). Then, we compared the PGS velocities of each direction with the Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) output parameters and found that there was good agreement between them. The PGSs in the WSCS had velocities in the N, E, and U directions of −10.20 ± 0.39 mm/year, 31.09 ± 0.36 mm/year, and −2.24 ± 0.66 mm/year for WLDD, and −10.85 ± 0.38 mm/year, 30.67 ± 0.30 mm/year, and −3.81 ± 0.66 mm/year for ZWAN, respectively. The accurate datum was defined for Cal/Val of altimeters for WSCS as a professional in-situ site. Moreover, the zenith wet delay (ZWD) of the coastal PGSs in the regional and sub-regional solutions was calculated and used to validate the microwave radiometers (MWRs) of Jason-3, Haiyang-2B (HY-2B), and Haiyang-2C (HY-2C). A sub-regional PGS solution was processed using 19 continuous operational reference stations (CORS) of Hong Kong Geodetic Survey Services to derive the ZWD and validate the MWRs of the altimeters. The ZWD of the PGSs were compared with the radiosonde-derived data in the regional and sub-regional solutions. The difference between them was −7.72~2.79 mm with an RMS of 14.53~18.62 mm, which showed good consistency between the two. Then, the PGSs’ ZWD was used to validate the MWRs. To reduce the land contamination of the MWR, we determined validation distances of 6~30 km, 16~28 km, and 18~30 km for Jason-3, HY-2B, and HY-2C, respectively. The ZWD differences between PGSs and the Jason-3, HY-2B, and HY-2C altimeters were −2.30 ± 16.13 mm, 9.22 ± 22.73 mm, and −3.02 ± 22.07 mm, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:54:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c171d90665764ce0a9bbe55857553d7a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:54:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-c171d90665764ce0a9bbe55857553d7a2023-11-24T17:46:22ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-12-011424623510.3390/rs14246235GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration SiteWanlin Zhai0Jianhua Zhu1Mingsen Lin2Chaofei Ma3Chuntao Chen4Xiaoqi Huang5Yufei Zhang6Wu Zhou7He Wang8Longhao Yan9National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, ChinaNational Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, ChinaNational Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 266004, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, ChinaNational Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, ChinaNational Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, ChinaThe Wanshan calibration site (WSCS) is the first in-situ field for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of HY-2 satellite series in China. It was built in December, 2018 and began business operation in 2020. In order to define an accurate datum for Cal/Val of altimeters, the permanent GNSS station (PGS) data of the WSCS observed on Zhiwan (ZWAN) and Wailingding (WLDD) islands were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software in a regional solution, combined with 61 GNSS stations distributed nearby, collected from the GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University (GRC). The Hector software was used to analyze the trend of North (N), East (E), and Up (U) directions using six different noise models with criteria of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and the Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). We found that the favorite noise models were white noise plus generalized Gauss–Markov noise (WN + GGM), followed by generalized Gauss–Markov noise (GGM). Then, we compared the PGS velocities of each direction with the Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) output parameters and found that there was good agreement between them. The PGSs in the WSCS had velocities in the N, E, and U directions of −10.20 ± 0.39 mm/year, 31.09 ± 0.36 mm/year, and −2.24 ± 0.66 mm/year for WLDD, and −10.85 ± 0.38 mm/year, 30.67 ± 0.30 mm/year, and −3.81 ± 0.66 mm/year for ZWAN, respectively. The accurate datum was defined for Cal/Val of altimeters for WSCS as a professional in-situ site. Moreover, the zenith wet delay (ZWD) of the coastal PGSs in the regional and sub-regional solutions was calculated and used to validate the microwave radiometers (MWRs) of Jason-3, Haiyang-2B (HY-2B), and Haiyang-2C (HY-2C). A sub-regional PGS solution was processed using 19 continuous operational reference stations (CORS) of Hong Kong Geodetic Survey Services to derive the ZWD and validate the MWRs of the altimeters. The ZWD of the PGSs were compared with the radiosonde-derived data in the regional and sub-regional solutions. The difference between them was −7.72~2.79 mm with an RMS of 14.53~18.62 mm, which showed good consistency between the two. Then, the PGSs’ ZWD was used to validate the MWRs. To reduce the land contamination of the MWR, we determined validation distances of 6~30 km, 16~28 km, and 18~30 km for Jason-3, HY-2B, and HY-2C, respectively. The ZWD differences between PGSs and the Jason-3, HY-2B, and HY-2C altimeters were −2.30 ± 16.13 mm, 9.22 ± 22.73 mm, and −3.02 ± 22.07 mm, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6235Wanshan calibration sitepermanent GNSS stationGAMIT/GLOBKHectorzenith wet delayradiosonde |
| spellingShingle | Wanlin Zhai Jianhua Zhu Mingsen Lin Chaofei Ma Chuntao Chen Xiaoqi Huang Yufei Zhang Wu Zhou He Wang Longhao Yan GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site Remote Sensing Wanshan calibration site permanent GNSS station GAMIT/GLOBK Hector zenith wet delay radiosonde |
| title | GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site |
| title_full | GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site |
| title_fullStr | GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site |
| title_full_unstemmed | GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site |
| title_short | GNSS Data Processing and Validation of the Altimeter Zenith Wet Delay around the Wanshan Calibration Site |
| title_sort | gnss data processing and validation of the altimeter zenith wet delay around the wanshan calibration site |
| topic | Wanshan calibration site permanent GNSS station GAMIT/GLOBK Hector zenith wet delay radiosonde |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6235 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wanlinzhai gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT jianhuazhu gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT mingsenlin gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT chaofeima gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT chuntaochen gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT xiaoqihuang gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT yufeizhang gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT wuzhou gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT hewang gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite AT longhaoyan gnssdataprocessingandvalidationofthealtimeterzenithwetdelayaroundthewanshancalibrationsite |