Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles
The present work focuses on a detailed analysis of new and used braking friction partners (discs and pads) in order to provide a comprehensive characterization of the source of the airborne particles formed during braking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-Ray anal...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/523 |
| _version_ | 1797436977731076096 |
|---|---|
| author | Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler Daniel Schreiber Viola Papetti Sebastian Gramstat Dmytro Lugovyy |
| author_facet | Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler Daniel Schreiber Viola Papetti Sebastian Gramstat Dmytro Lugovyy |
| author_sort | Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present work focuses on a detailed analysis of new and used braking friction partners (discs and pads) in order to provide a comprehensive characterization of the source of the airborne particles formed during braking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) was applied to investigate the new brake disc and new and used brake pad components of a passenger vehicle. The pads include at least 21 different substances, involving carbonaceous particles, oxides, sulfides, sulfates and silicates of Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zr, Sn, less Mg, Ba, Na and, rarely, Bi and Zn, as well as K-titanate. Aramid and phenolic resin are also present, enriched toward the metal interface. The size of the pad constituents extends over a very wide range, from hundreds of µm to a few µm, and goes down to hundreds of nm and, rarely, tens of nanometers. Carbonaceous particles with sizes down to a few tens of nanometers occupy ca. 16% of the total of the pad constituents. Abundant Zr-bearing phases, as well as various other phases involving S, Ca, Mg, Si, Ti and, to a lower extent, Ba and Fe in different combinations, constitute the pad main matrix. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:11:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c174273aa3cf40dc949432ba36e7cb2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:11:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-c174273aa3cf40dc949432ba36e7cb2c2023-12-01T00:46:03ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-03-0113452310.3390/atmos13040523Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger VehiclesPanayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler0Daniel Schreiber1Viola Papetti2Sebastian Gramstat3Dmytro Lugovyy4Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandEmpa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandEmpa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, CH-8600 Dübendorf, SwitzerlandAUDI AG, 84045 Ingolstadt, GermanyHoriba Europe GmbH, 61440 Oberursel, GermanyThe present work focuses on a detailed analysis of new and used braking friction partners (discs and pads) in order to provide a comprehensive characterization of the source of the airborne particles formed during braking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) was applied to investigate the new brake disc and new and used brake pad components of a passenger vehicle. The pads include at least 21 different substances, involving carbonaceous particles, oxides, sulfides, sulfates and silicates of Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zr, Sn, less Mg, Ba, Na and, rarely, Bi and Zn, as well as K-titanate. Aramid and phenolic resin are also present, enriched toward the metal interface. The size of the pad constituents extends over a very wide range, from hundreds of µm to a few µm, and goes down to hundreds of nm and, rarely, tens of nanometers. Carbonaceous particles with sizes down to a few tens of nanometers occupy ca. 16% of the total of the pad constituents. Abundant Zr-bearing phases, as well as various other phases involving S, Ca, Mg, Si, Ti and, to a lower extent, Ba and Fe in different combinations, constitute the pad main matrix.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/523precursors of braking particlesbraking padsbraking discselemental compositionparticle formationparticle sizes |
| spellingShingle | Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler Daniel Schreiber Viola Papetti Sebastian Gramstat Dmytro Lugovyy Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles Atmosphere precursors of braking particles braking pads braking discs elemental composition particle formation particle sizes |
| title | Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles |
| title_full | Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles |
| title_short | Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Brake Assembly Components (Disc and Pads) from Passenger Vehicles |
| title_sort | electron microscopic characterization of the brake assembly components disc and pads from passenger vehicles |
| topic | precursors of braking particles braking pads braking discs elemental composition particle formation particle sizes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/4/523 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT panayotisdimopouloseggenschwiler electronmicroscopiccharacterizationofthebrakeassemblycomponentsdiscandpadsfrompassengervehicles AT danielschreiber electronmicroscopiccharacterizationofthebrakeassemblycomponentsdiscandpadsfrompassengervehicles AT violapapetti electronmicroscopiccharacterizationofthebrakeassemblycomponentsdiscandpadsfrompassengervehicles AT sebastiangramstat electronmicroscopiccharacterizationofthebrakeassemblycomponentsdiscandpadsfrompassengervehicles AT dmytrolugovyy electronmicroscopiccharacterizationofthebrakeassemblycomponentsdiscandpadsfrompassengervehicles |