Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus
Ixodes ricinus transmits Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Previous studies have also detected Rickettsia helvetica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and several Babesia species in questing ticks in The Netherlands. In this study, we assessed t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2013-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00036/full |
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| author | Elena Claudia Coipan Elena Claudia Coipan Setareh eJahfari Manoj eFonville Catharina eMaassen Catharina eMaassen Joke evan der Giessen Joke evan der Giessen Willem eTakken Katsuhisa eTakumi Hein eSprong Hein eSprong |
| author_facet | Elena Claudia Coipan Elena Claudia Coipan Setareh eJahfari Manoj eFonville Catharina eMaassen Catharina eMaassen Joke evan der Giessen Joke evan der Giessen Willem eTakken Katsuhisa eTakumi Hein eSprong Hein eSprong |
| author_sort | Elena Claudia Coipan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ixodes ricinus transmits Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Previous studies have also detected Rickettsia helvetica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and several Babesia species in questing ticks in The Netherlands. In this study, we assessed the acarological risk of exposure to several tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), in The Netherlands.Questing ticks were collected monthly between 2006 and 2010 at 21 sites and between 2000 and 2009 at one other site. Nymphs and adults were analysed individually for the presence of TBPs using an array-approach. Collated data of this and previous studies were used to generate, for each pathogen, a presence/absence map and to further analyse their spatiotemporal variation.Rickettsia helvetica (31.1 %) and B. burgdorferi sensu lato (11.8 %) had the highest overall prevalence and were detected in all areas. Neoehrlichia mikurensis (5.6 %), A. phagocytophilum (0.8 %), and Babesia spp. (1.7 %) were detected in most, but not all areas. The prevalences of pathogens varied among the study areas from 0 to 64 %, while the density of questing ticks varied from 1 to 179/100 m2. Overall, 37 % of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen and 6.3 % with more than one pathogen. One-third of the Borrelia-positive ticks were infected with at least one other pathogen. Coinfection of B. afzelii with N. mikurensis and with Babesia spp. occurred significantly more often than single infections, indicating the existence of mutual reservoir hosts. Alternatively, coinfection of R. helvetica with either B. afzelii or N. mikurensis occurred significantly less frequent.The diversity of TBPs detected in I. ricinus in this study and the frequency of their coinfections with B. burgdorferi s.l., underline the need to consider them when evaluating the risks of infection and subsequently the risk of disease following a tick bite. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T12:20:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c17868e0a0094844a98436eba9a77c88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T12:20:06Z |
| publishDate | 2013-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-c17868e0a0094844a98436eba9a77c882022-12-21T23:01:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882013-07-01310.3389/fcimb.2013.0003654456Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinusElena Claudia Coipan0Elena Claudia Coipan1Setareh eJahfari2Manoj eFonville3Catharina eMaassen4Catharina eMaassen5Joke evan der Giessen6Joke evan der Giessen7Willem eTakken8Katsuhisa eTakumi9Hein eSprong10Hein eSprong11Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Food Chain Quality, Antibiotics and Zoonoses Research Group, Central Veterinary InstituteCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Food Chain Quality, Antibiotics and Zoonoses Research Group, Central Veterinary InstituteLaboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityIxodes ricinus transmits Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Previous studies have also detected Rickettsia helvetica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and several Babesia species in questing ticks in The Netherlands. In this study, we assessed the acarological risk of exposure to several tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), in The Netherlands.Questing ticks were collected monthly between 2006 and 2010 at 21 sites and between 2000 and 2009 at one other site. Nymphs and adults were analysed individually for the presence of TBPs using an array-approach. Collated data of this and previous studies were used to generate, for each pathogen, a presence/absence map and to further analyse their spatiotemporal variation.Rickettsia helvetica (31.1 %) and B. burgdorferi sensu lato (11.8 %) had the highest overall prevalence and were detected in all areas. Neoehrlichia mikurensis (5.6 %), A. phagocytophilum (0.8 %), and Babesia spp. (1.7 %) were detected in most, but not all areas. The prevalences of pathogens varied among the study areas from 0 to 64 %, while the density of questing ticks varied from 1 to 179/100 m2. Overall, 37 % of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen and 6.3 % with more than one pathogen. One-third of the Borrelia-positive ticks were infected with at least one other pathogen. Coinfection of B. afzelii with N. mikurensis and with Babesia spp. occurred significantly more often than single infections, indicating the existence of mutual reservoir hosts. Alternatively, coinfection of R. helvetica with either B. afzelii or N. mikurensis occurred significantly less frequent.The diversity of TBPs detected in I. ricinus in this study and the frequency of their coinfections with B. burgdorferi s.l., underline the need to consider them when evaluating the risks of infection and subsequently the risk of disease following a tick bite.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00036/fullAnaplasma phagocytophilumBabesiaBorrelia burgdorferiRickettsia conoriiVector-borne diseaseCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis |
| spellingShingle | Elena Claudia Coipan Elena Claudia Coipan Setareh eJahfari Manoj eFonville Catharina eMaassen Catharina eMaassen Joke evan der Giessen Joke evan der Giessen Willem eTakken Katsuhisa eTakumi Hein eSprong Hein eSprong Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia conorii Vector-borne disease Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis |
| title | Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal dynamics of emerging pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus |
| topic | Anaplasma phagocytophilum Babesia Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia conorii Vector-borne disease Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00036/full |
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