The causal association between smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of upper urinary calculi: insights from a Mendelian randomization study
Background: The causal link between smoking, alcohol consumption, and upper urinary calculi remains uncertain in observational studies due to confounding factors. To uncover potential causal associations, we utilized two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) methods.Metho...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2023.1268720/full |