TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley
Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd |
| _version_ | 1797695798489645056 |
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| author | Collin Cherubim Ryan Cloutier David Charbonneau Chris Stockdale Keivan G. Stassun Richard P. Schwarz Boris Safonov Annelies Mortier Pablo Lewin David W. Latham Keith Horne Raphaëlle D. Haywood Erica Gonzales Maria V. Goliguzova Karen A. Collins David R. Ciardi Allyson Bieryla Alexandre A. Belinski Bill Wohler Christopher A. Watson Roland Vanderspek Stéphane Udry Alessandro Sozzetti Damien Ségransan Dimitar Sasselov George R. Ricker Ken Rice Ennio Poretti Giampaolo Piotto Francesco Pepe Emilio Molinari Giuseppina Micela Michel Mayor Christophe Lovis Mercedes López-Morales Jon M. Jenkins Zahra Essack Xavier Dumusque John P. Doty Knicole D. Colón Andrew Collier Cameron Lars A. Buchhave |
| author_facet | Collin Cherubim Ryan Cloutier David Charbonneau Chris Stockdale Keivan G. Stassun Richard P. Schwarz Boris Safonov Annelies Mortier Pablo Lewin David W. Latham Keith Horne Raphaëlle D. Haywood Erica Gonzales Maria V. Goliguzova Karen A. Collins David R. Ciardi Allyson Bieryla Alexandre A. Belinski Bill Wohler Christopher A. Watson Roland Vanderspek Stéphane Udry Alessandro Sozzetti Damien Ségransan Dimitar Sasselov George R. Ricker Ken Rice Ennio Poretti Giampaolo Piotto Francesco Pepe Emilio Molinari Giuseppina Micela Michel Mayor Christophe Lovis Mercedes López-Morales Jon M. Jenkins Zahra Essack Xavier Dumusque John P. Doty Knicole D. Colón Andrew Collier Cameron Lars A. Buchhave |
| author_sort | Collin Cherubim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Characterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf ( T _mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M _s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M _⊙ , R _s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R _⊙ , and T _eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b ( P = 3.13 days and ${R}_{p}={1.90}_{-0.14}^{+0.16}\ {R}_{\oplus }$ ). TOI-1695 b’s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M _⊕ , which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c17f5d47407042da95732b919709637c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-c17f5d47407042da95732b919709637c2023-09-03T14:08:31ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-01165416710.3847/1538-3881/acbdfdTOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius ValleyCollin Cherubim0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-5469Ryan Cloutier1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-9393David Charbonneau2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9003-484XChris Stockdale3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2163-1437Keivan G. Stassun4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-9052Richard P. Schwarz5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-1020Boris Safonov6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-3208Annelies Mortier7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-4363Pablo Lewin8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-6368David W. Latham9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-7388Keith Horne10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1728-0304Raphaëlle D. Haywood11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9140-3574Erica Gonzales12Maria V. Goliguzova13Karen A. Collins14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-9574David R. Ciardi15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-3047Allyson Bieryla16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-5401Alexandre A. Belinski17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-0989Bill Wohler18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5402-9613Christopher A. Watson19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-3266Roland Vanderspek20https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-6562Stéphane Udry21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-6236Alessandro Sozzetti22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-365XDamien Ségransan23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2355-8034Dimitar Sasselov24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-1771George R. Ricker25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2058-6662Ken Rice26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-9185Ennio Poretti27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-0473Giampaolo Piotto28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9937-6387Francesco Pepe29Emilio Molinari30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1742-7735Giuseppina Micela31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-4751Michel Mayor32https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-5935Christophe Lovis33Mercedes López-Morales34https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8183Jon M. Jenkins35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-9460Zahra Essack36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2482-0180Xavier Dumusque37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-2011John P. Doty38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-8421Knicole D. Colón39https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-7121Andrew Collier Cameron40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-7828Lars A. Buchhave41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-5666Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University , 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA ; ccherubim@g.harvard.edu; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, CanadaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAHazelwood Observatory , AustraliaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, 37235, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USASternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992, Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaKICC & Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK; School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UKThe Maury Lewin Astronomical Observatory , Glendora, CA, 91741, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USASUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UKAstrophysics Group, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 2QL, UKDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USASternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992, Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACaltech/IPAC , 1200 E. California Boulevard Pasadena, CA, 91125, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USASternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992, Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaSETI Institute , Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA; NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USAAstrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast, BT7 1NN, UKDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USAObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandINAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Strada Osservatorio 20, Pino Torinese (To) I-10025, ItalyObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USASUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, Scotland, UK; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UKFundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, TF, Spain; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyDip. di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei—Università di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 2, I-35122, Padova, ItalyObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , via della Scienza 5, I-09047, Selargius, ItalyINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo , Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo, ItalyObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USANASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, 02139, USAObservatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève , 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandNoqsi Aerospace Ltd. , 15 Blanchard Avenue, Billerica, MA, 01821, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USASUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UKDTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCharacterizing the bulk compositions of transiting exoplanets within the M dwarf radius valley offers a unique means to establish whether the radius valley emerges from an atmospheric mass-loss process or is imprinted by planet formation itself. We present the confirmation of such a planet orbiting an early-M dwarf ( T _mag = 11.0294 ± 0.0074, M _s = 0.513 ± 0.012 M _⊙ , R _s = 0.515 ± 0.015 R _⊙ , and T _eff = 3690 ± 50 K): TOI-1695 b ( P = 3.13 days and ${R}_{p}={1.90}_{-0.14}^{+0.16}\ {R}_{\oplus }$ ). TOI-1695 b’s radius and orbital period situate the planet between model predictions from thermally driven mass loss versus gas depleted formation, offering an important test case for radius valley emergence models around early-M dwarfs. We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1695 b based on five sectors of TESS data and a suite of follow-up observations including 49 precise radial velocity measurements taken with the HARPS-N spectrograph. We measure a planetary mass of 6.36 ± 1.00 M _⊕ , which reveals that TOI-1695 b is inconsistent with a purely terrestrial composition of iron and magnesium silicate, and instead is likely a water-rich planet. Our finding that TOI-1695 b is not terrestrial is inconsistent with the planetary system being sculpted by thermally driven mass loss. We present a statistical analysis of seven well-characterized planets within the M dwarf radius valley demonstrating that a thermally driven mass-loss scenario is unlikely to explain this population.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfdExoplanetsExoplanet formationPlanet formationExoplanet evolutionM dwarf starsExoplanet atmospheric evolution |
| spellingShingle | Collin Cherubim Ryan Cloutier David Charbonneau Chris Stockdale Keivan G. Stassun Richard P. Schwarz Boris Safonov Annelies Mortier Pablo Lewin David W. Latham Keith Horne Raphaëlle D. Haywood Erica Gonzales Maria V. Goliguzova Karen A. Collins David R. Ciardi Allyson Bieryla Alexandre A. Belinski Bill Wohler Christopher A. Watson Roland Vanderspek Stéphane Udry Alessandro Sozzetti Damien Ségransan Dimitar Sasselov George R. Ricker Ken Rice Ennio Poretti Giampaolo Piotto Francesco Pepe Emilio Molinari Giuseppina Micela Michel Mayor Christophe Lovis Mercedes López-Morales Jon M. Jenkins Zahra Essack Xavier Dumusque John P. Doty Knicole D. Colón Andrew Collier Cameron Lars A. Buchhave TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley The Astronomical Journal Exoplanets Exoplanet formation Planet formation Exoplanet evolution M dwarf stars Exoplanet atmospheric evolution |
| title | TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley |
| title_full | TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley |
| title_fullStr | TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley |
| title_full_unstemmed | TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley |
| title_short | TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early-M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley |
| title_sort | toi 1695 b a water world orbiting an early m dwarf in the planet radius valley |
| topic | Exoplanets Exoplanet formation Planet formation Exoplanet evolution M dwarf stars Exoplanet atmospheric evolution |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acbdfd |
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