Summary: | Four new xanthones, cratocochinones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), together with eight known analogues (<b>5</b>–<b>12</b>), were isolated from the stems and leaves of <i>Cratoxylum cochinchinense</i>. The chemical structures of cratocochinones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>) were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and the known compounds were identified by comparisons with the spectral data reported in the literature. All isolated compounds <b>1</b>–<b>12</b> were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities and anti-HIV-1 activities. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>12</b> showed remarkable inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, with IC<sub>50</sub> values in the range of 0.86 ± 0.05 to 18.36 ± 0.21 µM. Meanwhile, compounds <b>1</b>–<b>12</b> exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activities with EC<sub>50</sub> which ranged from 0.22 to 11.23 µM. These findings indicate that the discoveries of these xanthones, isolated from the stems and leaves of <i>C. cochinchinense,</i> showing significant anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV-1 effects could be of great importance to the research and development of new natural anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV agents.
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