Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints
This paper is a study of the microstructure and other selected properties of solid-state, high-speed, rotary friction-welded tungsten and mild steel (S355) joints. Due to the high affinity of tungsten for oxygen, the welding process was carried out in a chamber with an argon protective atmosphere. J...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/18/9034 |
| _version_ | 1797491576537088000 |
|---|---|
| author | Beata Skowrońska Mariusz Bober Paweł Kołodziejczak Michał Baranowski Mirosław Kozłowski Tomasz Chmielewski |
| author_facet | Beata Skowrońska Mariusz Bober Paweł Kołodziejczak Michał Baranowski Mirosław Kozłowski Tomasz Chmielewski |
| author_sort | Beata Skowrońska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper is a study of the microstructure and other selected properties of solid-state, high-speed, rotary friction-welded tungsten and mild steel (S355) joints. Due to the high affinity of tungsten for oxygen, the welding process was carried out in a chamber with an argon protective atmosphere. Joints of suitable quality were obtained without any macroscopic defects and discontinuities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the phase transformations taking place during the friction welding process. Chemical compositions in the interfaces of the welded joints were determined by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The microstructure of friction welds consisted of a few zones, fine equiaxed grains (formed due to dynamic recrystallization) and ultrafine grains in the region on the steel side. A plastic deformation in the direction of the flash was visible mainly on the steel side. EDS-SEM scan line analyses across the interface did not confirm the diffusion of tungsten to iron. The nature of the friction welding dissimilar joint is non-equilibrium based on deep plastic deformation without visible diffusive processes in the interface zone. The absence of intermetallic phases was found in the weld interface during SEM observations. Mechanical properties of the friction-welded joint were defined using the Vickers hardness test and the instrumented indentation test (IIT). The results are presented in the form of a distribution in the longitudinal plane of the welded joint. The fracture during strength tests occurred mainly through the cleavage planes at the interface of the tungsten grain close to the friction surface. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:51:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c19acc55a9df4d60bda95e41e5a4b452 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:51:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c19acc55a9df4d60bda95e41e5a4b4522023-11-23T14:51:58ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-09-011218903410.3390/app12189034Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel JointsBeata Skowrońska0Mariusz Bober1Paweł Kołodziejczak2Michał Baranowski3Mirosław Kozłowski4Tomasz Chmielewski5Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandŁukasiewicz Research Network, Tele and Radio Research Institute, 03-450 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandThis paper is a study of the microstructure and other selected properties of solid-state, high-speed, rotary friction-welded tungsten and mild steel (S355) joints. Due to the high affinity of tungsten for oxygen, the welding process was carried out in a chamber with an argon protective atmosphere. Joints of suitable quality were obtained without any macroscopic defects and discontinuities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the phase transformations taking place during the friction welding process. Chemical compositions in the interfaces of the welded joints were determined by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The microstructure of friction welds consisted of a few zones, fine equiaxed grains (formed due to dynamic recrystallization) and ultrafine grains in the region on the steel side. A plastic deformation in the direction of the flash was visible mainly on the steel side. EDS-SEM scan line analyses across the interface did not confirm the diffusion of tungsten to iron. The nature of the friction welding dissimilar joint is non-equilibrium based on deep plastic deformation without visible diffusive processes in the interface zone. The absence of intermetallic phases was found in the weld interface during SEM observations. Mechanical properties of the friction-welded joint were defined using the Vickers hardness test and the instrumented indentation test (IIT). The results are presented in the form of a distribution in the longitudinal plane of the welded joint. The fracture during strength tests occurred mainly through the cleavage planes at the interface of the tungsten grain close to the friction surface.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/18/9034tungsten–steel jointdissimilar jointsrefractory metal |
| spellingShingle | Beata Skowrońska Mariusz Bober Paweł Kołodziejczak Michał Baranowski Mirosław Kozłowski Tomasz Chmielewski Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints Applied Sciences tungsten–steel joint dissimilar joints refractory metal |
| title | Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints |
| title_full | Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints |
| title_fullStr | Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints |
| title_short | Solid-State Rotary Friction-Welded Tungsten and Mild Steel Joints |
| title_sort | solid state rotary friction welded tungsten and mild steel joints |
| topic | tungsten–steel joint dissimilar joints refractory metal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/18/9034 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beataskowronska solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints AT mariuszbober solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints AT pawełkołodziejczak solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints AT michałbaranowski solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints AT mirosławkozłowski solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints AT tomaszchmielewski solidstaterotaryfrictionweldedtungstenandmildsteeljoints |