Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>
<i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (MG) and <i>Mycoplasma synoviae<...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/469 |
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| author | Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan Ganapathy Kannan Harish Mani Chandra Biswaranjan Paital |
| author_facet | Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan Ganapathy Kannan Harish Mani Chandra Biswaranjan Paital |
| author_sort | Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (MG) and <i>Mycoplasma synoviae</i>. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG–host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c1e3cd5159f84c66828b223d3c81a8b2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-c1e3cd5159f84c66828b223d3c81a8b22023-11-16T23:44:50ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-02-0111246910.3390/vaccines11020469Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan0Ganapathy Kannan1Harish Mani Chandra2Biswaranjan Paital3Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, IndiaInstitute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecology Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UKDepartment of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, IndiaRedox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India<i>Mycoplasma</i> sp. comprises cell wall-less bacteria with reduced genome size and can infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants. Avian mycoplasmosis, particularly in chickens, is primarily caused by <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (MG) and <i>Mycoplasma synoviae</i>. It causes infection and pathology mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. MG is the most widely distributed pathogenic avian mycoplasma with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. MG is transmitted both by horizontal and vertical routes. MG infection induces innate, cellular, mucosal, and adaptive immune responses in the host. Macrophages aid in phagocytosis and clearance, and B and T cells play critical roles in the clearance and prevention of MG. The virulent factors of MG are adhesion proteins, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and antigenic variation proteins, all of which play pivotal roles in host cell entry and pathogenesis. Prevention of MG relies on farm and flock biosecurity, management strategies, early diagnosis, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination. This review summarizes the vital pathogenic mechanisms underlying MG infection and recapitulates the virulence factors of MG–host cell adhesion, antigenic variation, nutrient transport, and immune evasion. The review also highlights the limitations of current vaccines and the development of innovative future vaccines against MG.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/469<i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>virulence factorscytoadhesionimmune evasionvaccine development |
| spellingShingle | Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan Ganapathy Kannan Harish Mani Chandra Biswaranjan Paital Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> Vaccines <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> virulence factors cytoadhesion immune evasion vaccine development |
| title | Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> |
| title_full | Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> |
| title_fullStr | Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> |
| title_short | Infection, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development against <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> |
| title_sort | infection transmission pathogenesis and vaccine development against i mycoplasma gallisepticum i |
| topic | <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> virulence factors cytoadhesion immune evasion vaccine development |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/469 |
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