Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media
Platinum is a main catalyst for the electroreduction of oxygen, a reaction of primary importance to the technology of low-temperature fuel cells. Due to the high cost of platinum, there is a need to significantly lower its loadings at interfaces. However, then O<sub>2</sub>-reduction oft...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/17/5147 |
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| author | Aldona Kostuch Iwona A. Rutkowska Beata Dembinska Anna Wadas Enrico Negro Keti Vezzù Vito Di Noto Pawel J. Kulesza |
| author_facet | Aldona Kostuch Iwona A. Rutkowska Beata Dembinska Anna Wadas Enrico Negro Keti Vezzù Vito Di Noto Pawel J. Kulesza |
| author_sort | Aldona Kostuch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Platinum is a main catalyst for the electroreduction of oxygen, a reaction of primary importance to the technology of low-temperature fuel cells. Due to the high cost of platinum, there is a need to significantly lower its loadings at interfaces. However, then O<sub>2</sub>-reduction often proceeds at a less positive potential, and produces higher amounts of undesirable H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-intermediate. Hybrid supports, which utilize metal oxides (e.g., CeO<sub>2</sub>, WO<sub>3</sub>, Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and ZrO<sub>2</sub>), stabilize Pt and carbon nanostructures and diminish their corrosion while exhibiting high activity toward the four-electron (most efficient) reduction in oxygen. Porosity of carbon supports facilitates dispersion and stability of Pt nanoparticles. Alternatively, the Pt-based bi- and multi-metallic catalysts, including PtM alloys or M-core/Pt-shell nanostructures, where M stands for certain transition metals (e.g., Au, Co, Cu, Ni, and Fe), can be considered. The catalytic efficiency depends on geometric (decrease in Pt–Pt bond distances) and electronic (increase in d-electron vacancy in Pt) factors, in addition to possible metal–support interactions and interfacial structural changes affecting adsorption and activation of O<sub>2</sub>-molecules. Despite the stabilization of carbons, doping with heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron results in the formation of catalytically active centers. Thus, the useful catalysts are likely to be multi-component and multi-functional. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:07:12Z |
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| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:07:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-c1f0bd828e5642a0928a3eb3b59a9dfd2023-11-22T10:59:43ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-08-012617514710.3390/molecules26175147Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid MediaAldona Kostuch0Iwona A. Rutkowska1Beata Dembinska2Anna Wadas3Enrico Negro4Keti Vezzù5Vito Di Noto6Pawel J. Kulesza7Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, ItalyFaculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, PolandPlatinum is a main catalyst for the electroreduction of oxygen, a reaction of primary importance to the technology of low-temperature fuel cells. Due to the high cost of platinum, there is a need to significantly lower its loadings at interfaces. However, then O<sub>2</sub>-reduction often proceeds at a less positive potential, and produces higher amounts of undesirable H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-intermediate. Hybrid supports, which utilize metal oxides (e.g., CeO<sub>2</sub>, WO<sub>3</sub>, Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and ZrO<sub>2</sub>), stabilize Pt and carbon nanostructures and diminish their corrosion while exhibiting high activity toward the four-electron (most efficient) reduction in oxygen. Porosity of carbon supports facilitates dispersion and stability of Pt nanoparticles. Alternatively, the Pt-based bi- and multi-metallic catalysts, including PtM alloys or M-core/Pt-shell nanostructures, where M stands for certain transition metals (e.g., Au, Co, Cu, Ni, and Fe), can be considered. The catalytic efficiency depends on geometric (decrease in Pt–Pt bond distances) and electronic (increase in d-electron vacancy in Pt) factors, in addition to possible metal–support interactions and interfacial structural changes affecting adsorption and activation of O<sub>2</sub>-molecules. Despite the stabilization of carbons, doping with heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron results in the formation of catalytically active centers. Thus, the useful catalysts are likely to be multi-component and multi-functional.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/17/5147oxygen reductionelectrocatalysislow Pt loadingsub-stoichiometric metal oxidesdoping and functionalization of carbon carriersPt alloys |
| spellingShingle | Aldona Kostuch Iwona A. Rutkowska Beata Dembinska Anna Wadas Enrico Negro Keti Vezzù Vito Di Noto Pawel J. Kulesza Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media Molecules oxygen reduction electrocatalysis low Pt loading sub-stoichiometric metal oxides doping and functionalization of carbon carriers Pt alloys |
| title | Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media |
| title_full | Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media |
| title_fullStr | Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media |
| title_short | Enhancement of Activity and Development of Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media |
| title_sort | enhancement of activity and development of low pt content electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acid media |
| topic | oxygen reduction electrocatalysis low Pt loading sub-stoichiometric metal oxides doping and functionalization of carbon carriers Pt alloys |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/17/5147 |
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