Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders
Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution remains a prominent environmental problem worldwide, posing great threats to human health. The adverse effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have been extensively studied, while its detri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1482 |
| _version_ | 1797411518908727296 |
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| author | Jie Song Keyang Han Ya Wang Rongrong Qu Yuan Liu Shaolan Wang Yinbiao Wang Zhen An Juan Li Hui Wu Weidong Wu |
| author_facet | Jie Song Keyang Han Ya Wang Rongrong Qu Yuan Liu Shaolan Wang Yinbiao Wang Zhen An Juan Li Hui Wu Weidong Wu |
| author_sort | Jie Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution remains a prominent environmental problem worldwide, posing great threats to human health. The adverse effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have been extensively studied, while its detrimental effects on the central nervous system (CNS), specifically neurodegenerative disorders, are less investigated. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by reduced neurogenesis, activated microglia, and neuroinflammation. A variety of studies involving postmortem examinations, epidemiological investigations, animal experiments, and in vitro cell models have shown that PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure results in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and ultimately neurodegenerative disorders, which are strongly associated with the activation of microglia. Microglia are the major innate immune cells of the brain, surveilling and maintaining the homeostasis of CNS. Upon activation by environmental and endogenous insults, such as PM exposure, microglia can enter an overactivated state that is featured by amoeboid morphology, the over-production of reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory mediators. This review summarizes the evidence of microglial activation and oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders following PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced microglial activation and neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. This knowledge provides certain clues for the development of therapies that may slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disorders induced by ambient PM. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:46:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c2035f8e35824777b9110920074c3db2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:46:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-c2035f8e35824777b9110920074c3db22023-12-03T13:15:30ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-07-01118148210.3390/antiox11081482Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative DisordersJie Song0Keyang Han1Ya Wang2Rongrong Qu3Yuan Liu4Shaolan Wang5Yinbiao Wang6Zhen An7Juan Li8Hui Wu9Weidong Wu10School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaNursing School, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang 212028, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, ChinaFine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution remains a prominent environmental problem worldwide, posing great threats to human health. The adverse effects of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have been extensively studied, while its detrimental effects on the central nervous system (CNS), specifically neurodegenerative disorders, are less investigated. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by reduced neurogenesis, activated microglia, and neuroinflammation. A variety of studies involving postmortem examinations, epidemiological investigations, animal experiments, and in vitro cell models have shown that PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure results in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and ultimately neurodegenerative disorders, which are strongly associated with the activation of microglia. Microglia are the major innate immune cells of the brain, surveilling and maintaining the homeostasis of CNS. Upon activation by environmental and endogenous insults, such as PM exposure, microglia can enter an overactivated state that is featured by amoeboid morphology, the over-production of reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory mediators. This review summarizes the evidence of microglial activation and oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders following PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced microglial activation and neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. This knowledge provides certain clues for the development of therapies that may slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative disorders induced by ambient PM.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1482PM<sub>2.5</sub>microgliaoxidative stressneuroinflammationneurodegeneration |
| spellingShingle | Jie Song Keyang Han Ya Wang Rongrong Qu Yuan Liu Shaolan Wang Yinbiao Wang Zhen An Juan Li Hui Wu Weidong Wu Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders Antioxidants PM<sub>2.5</sub> microglia oxidative stress neuroinflammation neurodegeneration |
| title | Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_full | Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_short | Microglial Activation and Oxidative Stress in PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders |
| title_sort | microglial activation and oxidative stress in pm sub 2 5 sub induced neurodegenerative disorders |
| topic | PM<sub>2.5</sub> microglia oxidative stress neuroinflammation neurodegeneration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1482 |
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