Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks
In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deploy...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hindawi - SAGE Publishing
2020-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147720958305 |
| _version_ | 1797705015318544384 |
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| author | Imran Ullah Khan Mazhar Islam Muhammad Ismail Abdul Baseer Qazi Sadeeq Jan Ihsan Ullah Zahid Farid Zahid Wadud |
| author_facet | Imran Ullah Khan Mazhar Islam Muhammad Ismail Abdul Baseer Qazi Sadeeq Jan Ihsan Ullah Zahid Farid Zahid Wadud |
| author_sort | Imran Ullah Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:28:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c20c9c1206eb47cba87887526c39eb13 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1550-1477 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:28:59Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | Hindawi - SAGE Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks |
| spelling | doaj.art-c20c9c1206eb47cba87887526c39eb132023-09-03T07:01:08ZengHindawi - SAGE PublishingInternational Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks1550-14772020-09-011610.1177/1550147720958305Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networksImran Ullah Khan0Mazhar Islam1Muhammad Ismail2Abdul Baseer Qazi3Sadeeq Jan4Ihsan Ullah5Zahid Farid6Zahid Wadud7College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, ChinaSchool of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Computer System Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Computer System Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Abasyn University, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Computer System Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanIn the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147720958305 |
| spellingShingle | Imran Ullah Khan Mazhar Islam Muhammad Ismail Abdul Baseer Qazi Sadeeq Jan Ihsan Ullah Zahid Farid Zahid Wadud Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks |
| title | Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| title_full | Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| title_fullStr | Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| title_short | Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| title_sort | adaptive hop by hop cone vector based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147720958305 |
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