Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases
Introduction: The clinical and therapeutic management of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) remains a subject of controversy. In addition, most studies have not recorded the long-term follow-up and the outcome of these cases. Material and Methods: We enrolled 246 patients affected by MC who were consecutiv...
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MDPI AG
2018-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/6/2/35 |
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| author | Cesare Mazzaro Luigino Dal Maso Endri Mauro Valter Gattei Michela Ghersetti Pietro Bulian Giulia Moratelli Gabriele Grassi Francesca Zorat Gabriele Pozzato |
| author_facet | Cesare Mazzaro Luigino Dal Maso Endri Mauro Valter Gattei Michela Ghersetti Pietro Bulian Giulia Moratelli Gabriele Grassi Francesca Zorat Gabriele Pozzato |
| author_sort | Cesare Mazzaro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: The clinical and therapeutic management of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) remains a subject of controversy. In addition, most studies have not recorded the long-term follow-up and the outcome of these cases. Material and Methods: We enrolled 246 patients affected by MC who were consecutively admitted to our Department from January 1993 to February 2013. Clinical and biological data had been recorded until June 2014. Results: The median age (at diagnosis) was 60 years (range 26–83). The aetiology was HCV in 95% of patients, HBV in 3% and “essential” in 2%. HCV genotype was 1b in 57%, genotypes 2–3 in 43%. MC was Type II in 203 of the cases (87%) and Type III in 52 (13%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were purpura (72%), chronic liver disease (70%), glomerulonephritis (35%), arthralgias (58%), peripheral neuropathy (21%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15%) and cutaneous ulcers (3%). Purpura, arthralgias, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were more frequently observed in Type II than in Type III MC (<i>p <</i> 0.05). Treatments were interferon (IFN) or Pegilated-IFN (PEG-IFN) alone or plus Ribavirin (RIBA) in 101 cases, steroids with or without alkylating agents in 33 cases, Rituximab in 8 patients. The complete clinical, virological and immunological responses were associated with PEG-IFN plus RIBA. Severe infections were associated with renal failure. At 10 years, the overall survival rate was 71% in Type II MC and 84% in Type III (<i>p <</i> 0.053). Conclusions: From our data, antiviral therapy is the first-line therapy in HCV-related MC, whereas steroids, alkylating agents and Rituximab should be considered as a second-line therapy. Given the heterogeneity of the disease, the role of these different therapeutic strategies should be checked in randomized controlled trials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:20:07Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:20:07Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c211c20c39c14947b137929f61c847c72023-12-03T11:49:08ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212018-05-01623510.3390/diseases6020035diseases6020035Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 CasesCesare Mazzaro0Luigino Dal Maso1Endri Mauro2Valter Gattei3Michela Ghersetti4Pietro Bulian5Giulia Moratelli6Gabriele Grassi7Francesca Zorat8Gabriele Pozzato9Clinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, ItalyEpidemiology and Statistic Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, ItalyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Pordenone General Hospital, 33170 Pordenone, ItalyClinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, ItalyEpidemiology and Statistic Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, ItalyClinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, ItalyIntroduction: The clinical and therapeutic management of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) remains a subject of controversy. In addition, most studies have not recorded the long-term follow-up and the outcome of these cases. Material and Methods: We enrolled 246 patients affected by MC who were consecutively admitted to our Department from January 1993 to February 2013. Clinical and biological data had been recorded until June 2014. Results: The median age (at diagnosis) was 60 years (range 26–83). The aetiology was HCV in 95% of patients, HBV in 3% and “essential” in 2%. HCV genotype was 1b in 57%, genotypes 2–3 in 43%. MC was Type II in 203 of the cases (87%) and Type III in 52 (13%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were purpura (72%), chronic liver disease (70%), glomerulonephritis (35%), arthralgias (58%), peripheral neuropathy (21%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15%) and cutaneous ulcers (3%). Purpura, arthralgias, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were more frequently observed in Type II than in Type III MC (<i>p <</i> 0.05). Treatments were interferon (IFN) or Pegilated-IFN (PEG-IFN) alone or plus Ribavirin (RIBA) in 101 cases, steroids with or without alkylating agents in 33 cases, Rituximab in 8 patients. The complete clinical, virological and immunological responses were associated with PEG-IFN plus RIBA. Severe infections were associated with renal failure. At 10 years, the overall survival rate was 71% in Type II MC and 84% in Type III (<i>p <</i> 0.053). Conclusions: From our data, antiviral therapy is the first-line therapy in HCV-related MC, whereas steroids, alkylating agents and Rituximab should be considered as a second-line therapy. Given the heterogeneity of the disease, the role of these different therapeutic strategies should be checked in randomized controlled trials.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/6/2/35hepatitis C virusmixed cryoglobulinemiainterferon alphasteroidsrituximab |
| spellingShingle | Cesare Mazzaro Luigino Dal Maso Endri Mauro Valter Gattei Michela Ghersetti Pietro Bulian Giulia Moratelli Gabriele Grassi Francesca Zorat Gabriele Pozzato Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases Diseases hepatitis C virus mixed cryoglobulinemia interferon alpha steroids rituximab |
| title | Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases |
| title_full | Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases |
| title_fullStr | Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases |
| title_short | Survival and Prognostic Factors in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: Data from 246 Cases |
| title_sort | survival and prognostic factors in mixed cryoglobulinemia data from 246 cases |
| topic | hepatitis C virus mixed cryoglobulinemia interferon alpha steroids rituximab |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/6/2/35 |
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