Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates
Marine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2010-03-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/8/4/1011/ |
| _version_ | 1811184792664801280 |
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| author | Ralf Kellmann Anke Stüken Russell J. S. Orr Helene M. Svendsen Kjetill S. Jakobsen |
| author_facet | Ralf Kellmann Anke Stüken Russell J. S. Orr Helene M. Svendsen Kjetill S. Jakobsen |
| author_sort | Ralf Kellmann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Marine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing the pharmacology of these toxins, there is limited or no knowledge regarding the biochemistry and molecular genetics involved in their biosynthesis. Recently, however, exciting advances have been made. Expressed sequence tag sequencing studies have revealed important insights into the transcriptomes of dinoflagellates, whereas other studies have implicated polyketide synthase genes in the biosynthesis of cyclic polyether toxins, and the molecular genetic basis for the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins has been elucidated in cyanobacteria. This review summarises the recent progress that has been made regarding the unusual genomes of dinoflagellates, the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of dinoflagellate toxins. In addition, the evolution of these metabolic pathways will be discussed, and an outlook for future research and possible applications is provided. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:18:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c24329ae4485494690e698224584d3d6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:18:28Z |
| publishDate | 2010-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-c24329ae4485494690e698224584d3d62022-12-22T04:22:19ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972010-03-01841011104810.3390/md8041011Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine DinoflagellatesRalf KellmannAnke StükenRussell J. S. OrrHelene M. SvendsenKjetill S. JakobsenMarine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing the pharmacology of these toxins, there is limited or no knowledge regarding the biochemistry and molecular genetics involved in their biosynthesis. Recently, however, exciting advances have been made. Expressed sequence tag sequencing studies have revealed important insights into the transcriptomes of dinoflagellates, whereas other studies have implicated polyketide synthase genes in the biosynthesis of cyclic polyether toxins, and the molecular genetic basis for the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins has been elucidated in cyanobacteria. This review summarises the recent progress that has been made regarding the unusual genomes of dinoflagellates, the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of dinoflagellate toxins. In addition, the evolution of these metabolic pathways will be discussed, and an outlook for future research and possible applications is provided.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/8/4/1011/polyketidespolyether toxinsalkaloidsmolecular geneticsgenomicsbiosynthesis |
| spellingShingle | Ralf Kellmann Anke Stüken Russell J. S. Orr Helene M. Svendsen Kjetill S. Jakobsen Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates Marine Drugs polyketides polyether toxins alkaloids molecular genetics genomics biosynthesis |
| title | Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates |
| title_full | Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates |
| title_fullStr | Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates |
| title_short | Biosynthesis and Molecular Genetics of Polyketides in Marine Dinoflagellates |
| title_sort | biosynthesis and molecular genetics of polyketides in marine dinoflagellates |
| topic | polyketides polyether toxins alkaloids molecular genetics genomics biosynthesis |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/8/4/1011/ |
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