Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate)
Over the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric materials. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/822 |
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| author | Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Alexandra Zamboulis Zoi Terzopoulou Margaritis Kostoglou Dimitrios N. Bikiaris George Z. Papageorgiou |
| author_facet | Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Alexandra Zamboulis Zoi Terzopoulou Margaritis Kostoglou Dimitrios N. Bikiaris George Z. Papageorgiou |
| author_sort | Eleftheria Xanthopoulou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric materials. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (PEV), an alipharomatic polyester prepared from 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, a monomer originating from lignin-derived vanillic acid, has shown promising thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, the effects of three different catalysts, namely titanium butoxide (TBT), titanium isopropoxide (TIS), and antimony trioxide (Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), on the synthesis of PEV via a two-stage melt polycondensation method are investigated. The progress of the reaction is assessed using various complementary techniques, such as intrinsic viscosity measurement (IV), end group analysis (AV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the produced polyesters is studied by evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS). Moreover, as the discoloration in polymers affects their applications, color measurement is performed here. Finally, theoretical kinetic studies are carried out to rationalize the experimental observations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:43:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c25867b1013f494f9d5310f896f04696 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:43:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-c25867b1013f494f9d5310f896f046962023-11-22T03:27:02ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-07-0111782210.3390/catal11070822Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate)Eleftheria Xanthopoulou0Alexandra Zamboulis1Zoi Terzopoulou2Margaritis Kostoglou3Dimitrios N. Bikiaris4George Z. Papageorgiou5Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, GreeceLaboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, GreeceOver the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric materials. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (PEV), an alipharomatic polyester prepared from 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, a monomer originating from lignin-derived vanillic acid, has shown promising thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, the effects of three different catalysts, namely titanium butoxide (TBT), titanium isopropoxide (TIS), and antimony trioxide (Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), on the synthesis of PEV via a two-stage melt polycondensation method are investigated. The progress of the reaction is assessed using various complementary techniques, such as intrinsic viscosity measurement (IV), end group analysis (AV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the produced polyesters is studied by evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS). Moreover, as the discoloration in polymers affects their applications, color measurement is performed here. Finally, theoretical kinetic studies are carried out to rationalize the experimental observations.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/822poly(ethylene vanillate)synthesisbio-based polyestersvanillic acidcatalyststhermal properties |
| spellingShingle | Eleftheria Xanthopoulou Alexandra Zamboulis Zoi Terzopoulou Margaritis Kostoglou Dimitrios N. Bikiaris George Z. Papageorgiou Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) Catalysts poly(ethylene vanillate) synthesis bio-based polyesters vanillic acid catalysts thermal properties |
| title | Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) |
| title_full | Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) |
| title_short | Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) |
| title_sort | effectiveness of esterification catalysts in the synthesis of poly ethylene vanillate |
| topic | poly(ethylene vanillate) synthesis bio-based polyesters vanillic acid catalysts thermal properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/822 |
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