Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power
Abstract We described a technique of a post-process stage to partially remove the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) dental scaffolds. The scaffolds were exposed to ultrasonic waves while immersed in an ethanol/acetone solvent mixture that possessed both polar a...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06561-3 |
| _version_ | 1818655596516212736 |
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| author | R. N. V. C. Virinthorn M. Chandrasekaran K. Wang K. L. Goh |
| author_facet | R. N. V. C. Virinthorn M. Chandrasekaran K. Wang K. L. Goh |
| author_sort | R. N. V. C. Virinthorn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract We described a technique of a post-process stage to partially remove the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) dental scaffolds. The scaffolds were exposed to ultrasonic waves while immersed in an ethanol/acetone solvent mixture that possessed both polar and nonpolar properties. A factorial experiment was conducted in which the scaffolds were treated to three levels of sonication power (p W): 0, 20% (22 W) and 40% (44 W), and soaking duration (t): 5, 15, and 30 min. The treated scaffolds were characterized by FT-IR, optical microscopy, and mechanical (compressive) testing. FT-IR revealed that the amount of PVA decreased with increasing p W and t. Two-way ANOVA revealed that increasing p W and t, respectively, resulted in increasing scaffold surface area to volume (SVR). Sonication and solvent caused structural damage (i.e., unevenness) on the scaffold surface, but the damage was minimal at 20% p W and 30 min. The optimal values of pW and t resulting in enhanced fracture strength, strain and toughness were 20% and 30 min, respectively, which corroborated the findings of minimal structural damage. However, sonication had no significant effects on the scaffold stiffness. Mechanistic analysis of the effects of sonication predicted that the ultrasonic energy absorbed by the scaffold was sufficient to disrupt the van Der Waals bonds between the PVA and PLGA but not high enough to disrupt the covalent bonds within the PLGA. This technique is promising as it can partially remove the PVA from the scaffold, and mitigate problematic issues down the line, such as thermal degradation during sterilization, and undue delay/variability in biodegradation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T03:12:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c275b85cd10c4789a93f206af943a489 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0957-4530 1573-4838 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T03:12:12Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-c275b85cd10c4789a93f206af943a4892022-12-21T22:05:47ZengSpringerJournal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine0957-45301573-48382021-07-0132811610.1007/s10856-021-06561-3Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and powerR. N. V. C. Virinthorn0M. Chandrasekaran1K. Wang2K. L. Goh3Newcastle University in SingaporeNewcastle Research & Innovation Institute SingaporeEmirate Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and TechnologyNewcastle University in SingaporeAbstract We described a technique of a post-process stage to partially remove the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) binder in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) dental scaffolds. The scaffolds were exposed to ultrasonic waves while immersed in an ethanol/acetone solvent mixture that possessed both polar and nonpolar properties. A factorial experiment was conducted in which the scaffolds were treated to three levels of sonication power (p W): 0, 20% (22 W) and 40% (44 W), and soaking duration (t): 5, 15, and 30 min. The treated scaffolds were characterized by FT-IR, optical microscopy, and mechanical (compressive) testing. FT-IR revealed that the amount of PVA decreased with increasing p W and t. Two-way ANOVA revealed that increasing p W and t, respectively, resulted in increasing scaffold surface area to volume (SVR). Sonication and solvent caused structural damage (i.e., unevenness) on the scaffold surface, but the damage was minimal at 20% p W and 30 min. The optimal values of pW and t resulting in enhanced fracture strength, strain and toughness were 20% and 30 min, respectively, which corroborated the findings of minimal structural damage. However, sonication had no significant effects on the scaffold stiffness. Mechanistic analysis of the effects of sonication predicted that the ultrasonic energy absorbed by the scaffold was sufficient to disrupt the van Der Waals bonds between the PVA and PLGA but not high enough to disrupt the covalent bonds within the PLGA. This technique is promising as it can partially remove the PVA from the scaffold, and mitigate problematic issues down the line, such as thermal degradation during sterilization, and undue delay/variability in biodegradation.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06561-3 |
| spellingShingle | R. N. V. C. Virinthorn M. Chandrasekaran K. Wang K. L. Goh Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine |
| title | Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power |
| title_full | Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power |
| title_fullStr | Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power |
| title_full_unstemmed | Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power |
| title_short | Post-process optimization of 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties: effects of sonication duration and power |
| title_sort | post process optimization of 3d printed poly lactic co glycolic acid dental implant scaffold for enhanced structure and mechanical properties effects of sonication duration and power |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06561-3 |
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