Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia has been associated with premorbid poor educational performance and low educational attainment (EA). However, some studies have found positive associations between psychotic disorders and excellent scholastic performance. In the present study, we examined the association between EA and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Brain Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/6/881 |
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| author | Hugo Cano-Ramirez Lina Diaz-Castro Kurt Leroy Hoffman |
| author_facet | Hugo Cano-Ramirez Lina Diaz-Castro Kurt Leroy Hoffman |
| author_sort | Hugo Cano-Ramirez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Schizophrenia has been associated with premorbid poor educational performance and low educational attainment (EA). However, some studies have found positive associations between psychotic disorders and excellent scholastic performance. In the present study, we examined the association between EA and several clinical and nonclinical characteristics in psychiatric patients diagnosed with psychotic or bipolar disorders. Data were obtained from the files of 1132 patients who entered a major Mexico City psychiatric hospital during the years 2009–2010 for the treatment of psychotic symptoms and who were subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar, schizoaffective, or another psychotic disorder. Chi-squared tests, <i>t</i>-tests, and Cox regression analysis were applied to explore associations between EA and factors including gender, familial history of mental illness, premorbid personality characteristics, age of symptom onset, diagnosis, civil status, and current employment. Family history of mental illness decreased the hazard of having lower EA (B = −0.137, <i>p</i> = 0.025, ExpB = 0.872, 95% CI = 0.774–0.983), while a schizophrenia diagnosis independently increased it (B = 0.201, <i>p</i> = 0.004, ExpB = 1.223, 95% CI = 1.068–1.401). In male patients (but not in females), family history of mental illness was significantly associated with higher EA, while in female patients, premorbid schizoid-like personality characteristics were associated with lower EA. For both genders, lower EA was associated with having more children and being employed in manual labor, while higher EA was associated with professional employment. Conclusions: Compared with bipolar disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is associated with lower EA; however, familial history of mental illness and premorbid schizoid-like characteristics independently favor higher and lower EA in males and females, respectively. Since lower EA is generally associated with a lower economic status, special preventative attention should be given to students at high risk for schizophrenia, particularly those displaying a schizoid-like personality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:41:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c27deed8338b42fb9d7c41f621a36224 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:41:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c27deed8338b42fb9d7c41f621a362242023-11-18T09:35:51ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252023-05-0113688110.3390/brainsci13060881Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic DisordersHugo Cano-Ramirez0Lina Diaz-Castro1Kurt Leroy Hoffman2Center for Investigation in Reproduction, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala 90000, MexicoDepartment of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Investigation, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, MexicoCenter for Investigation in Reproduction, Autonomous University of Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala 90000, MexicoSchizophrenia has been associated with premorbid poor educational performance and low educational attainment (EA). However, some studies have found positive associations between psychotic disorders and excellent scholastic performance. In the present study, we examined the association between EA and several clinical and nonclinical characteristics in psychiatric patients diagnosed with psychotic or bipolar disorders. Data were obtained from the files of 1132 patients who entered a major Mexico City psychiatric hospital during the years 2009–2010 for the treatment of psychotic symptoms and who were subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar, schizoaffective, or another psychotic disorder. Chi-squared tests, <i>t</i>-tests, and Cox regression analysis were applied to explore associations between EA and factors including gender, familial history of mental illness, premorbid personality characteristics, age of symptom onset, diagnosis, civil status, and current employment. Family history of mental illness decreased the hazard of having lower EA (B = −0.137, <i>p</i> = 0.025, ExpB = 0.872, 95% CI = 0.774–0.983), while a schizophrenia diagnosis independently increased it (B = 0.201, <i>p</i> = 0.004, ExpB = 1.223, 95% CI = 1.068–1.401). In male patients (but not in females), family history of mental illness was significantly associated with higher EA, while in female patients, premorbid schizoid-like personality characteristics were associated with lower EA. For both genders, lower EA was associated with having more children and being employed in manual labor, while higher EA was associated with professional employment. Conclusions: Compared with bipolar disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is associated with lower EA; however, familial history of mental illness and premorbid schizoid-like characteristics independently favor higher and lower EA in males and females, respectively. Since lower EA is generally associated with a lower economic status, special preventative attention should be given to students at high risk for schizophrenia, particularly those displaying a schizoid-like personality.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/6/881schizophreniabipolarschizoaffectiveeducational attainment |
| spellingShingle | Hugo Cano-Ramirez Lina Diaz-Castro Kurt Leroy Hoffman Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders Brain Sciences schizophrenia bipolar schizoaffective educational attainment |
| title | Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders |
| title_full | Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders |
| title_short | Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders |
| title_sort | analysis of educational attainment in a mexican psychiatric patient population with bipolar or psychotic disorders |
| topic | schizophrenia bipolar schizoaffective educational attainment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/6/881 |
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