Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations.
Clostridium difficile has emerged rapidly as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the temporal and geographical appearance of dominant PCR ribotypes such as 017, 027 and 078. Despite this continued threat, we have a poor understanding of how or why particular variants e...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2012-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3292544?pdf=render |
| _version_ | 1828254500654153728 |
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| author | Richard A Stabler Lisa F Dawson Esmeralda Valiente Michelle D Cairns Melissa J Martin Elizabeth H Donahue Thomas V Riley J Glenn Songer Ed J Kuijper Kate E Dingle Brendan W Wren |
| author_facet | Richard A Stabler Lisa F Dawson Esmeralda Valiente Michelle D Cairns Melissa J Martin Elizabeth H Donahue Thomas V Riley J Glenn Songer Ed J Kuijper Kate E Dingle Brendan W Wren |
| author_sort | Richard A Stabler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Clostridium difficile has emerged rapidly as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the temporal and geographical appearance of dominant PCR ribotypes such as 017, 027 and 078. Despite this continued threat, we have a poor understanding of how or why particular variants emerge and the sources of strains that dominate different human populations. We have undertaken a breadth genotyping study using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of 385 C. difficile strains from diverse sources by host (human, animal and food), geographical locations (North America, Europe and Australia) and PCR ribotypes. Results identified 18 novel sequence types (STs) and 3 new allele sequences and confirmed the presence of five distinct clonal lineages generally associated with outbreaks of C. difficile infection in humans. Strains of animal and food origin were found of both ST-1 and ST-11 that are frequently associated with human disease. An in depth MLST analysis of the evolutionary distant ST-11/PCR ribotype 078 clonal lineage revealed that ST-11 can be found in alternative but closely related PCR ribotypes and PCR ribotype 078 alleles contain mutations generating novel STs. PCR ribotype 027 and 017 lineages may consist of two divergent subclades. Furthermore evidence of microdiversity was present within the heterogeneous clade 1. This study helps to define the evolutionary origin of dominant C. difficile lineages and demonstrates that C. difficile is continuing to evolve in concert with human activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:59:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c2a515999c964cf890d228ec3f0aed44 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:59:49Z |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-c2a515999c964cf890d228ec3f0aed442022-12-22T03:07:39ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032012-01-0173e3155910.1371/journal.pone.0031559Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations.Richard A StablerLisa F DawsonEsmeralda ValienteMichelle D CairnsMelissa J MartinElizabeth H DonahueThomas V RileyJ Glenn SongerEd J KuijperKate E DingleBrendan W WrenClostridium difficile has emerged rapidly as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the temporal and geographical appearance of dominant PCR ribotypes such as 017, 027 and 078. Despite this continued threat, we have a poor understanding of how or why particular variants emerge and the sources of strains that dominate different human populations. We have undertaken a breadth genotyping study using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of 385 C. difficile strains from diverse sources by host (human, animal and food), geographical locations (North America, Europe and Australia) and PCR ribotypes. Results identified 18 novel sequence types (STs) and 3 new allele sequences and confirmed the presence of five distinct clonal lineages generally associated with outbreaks of C. difficile infection in humans. Strains of animal and food origin were found of both ST-1 and ST-11 that are frequently associated with human disease. An in depth MLST analysis of the evolutionary distant ST-11/PCR ribotype 078 clonal lineage revealed that ST-11 can be found in alternative but closely related PCR ribotypes and PCR ribotype 078 alleles contain mutations generating novel STs. PCR ribotype 027 and 017 lineages may consist of two divergent subclades. Furthermore evidence of microdiversity was present within the heterogeneous clade 1. This study helps to define the evolutionary origin of dominant C. difficile lineages and demonstrates that C. difficile is continuing to evolve in concert with human activity.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3292544?pdf=render |
| spellingShingle | Richard A Stabler Lisa F Dawson Esmeralda Valiente Michelle D Cairns Melissa J Martin Elizabeth H Donahue Thomas V Riley J Glenn Songer Ed J Kuijper Kate E Dingle Brendan W Wren Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. PLoS ONE |
| title | Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. |
| title_full | Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. |
| title_fullStr | Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. |
| title_short | Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations. |
| title_sort | macro and micro diversity of clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations |
| url | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3292544?pdf=render |
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