Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
Poor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/4/136 |
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| author | María Luisa Ballestar-Tarín Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España Omar Cauli Rut Navarro-Martínez |
| author_facet | María Luisa Ballestar-Tarín Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España Omar Cauli Rut Navarro-Martínez |
| author_sort | María Luisa Ballestar-Tarín |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Poor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive symptoms, stress levels, and a poor self-perceived health status. The increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in blood have been linked to poor sleep quality in many diseases, but data on salivary cytokine levels in students are missing or are seldom analyzed. In this study we determined the quality of sleep in a sample of university students and the role of psychological assessment and factors affecting sleep (alcohol intake, tobacco, consumption of stimulant drinks, exercise, and body mass index). We also aimed to shed new light on the associations between sleep quality and salivary inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα). Sleep quality was measured with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Perceived stress was assessed using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) was used to assess the level of anxiety or depression. Perceived health status was measured with a visual analogue. Saliva samples was taken in the morning and the inflammatory cytokines was measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. There was a direct and significant association between the salivary IL-1β concentration and AIS score (r = 0.248; <i>p</i> = 0.038, Pearson correlation) and Pittsburgh scale score (r = 0.274; <i>p</i> = 0.022, Pearson correlation). The relationship between IL-1β and AIS controlling for sex, age, and chronic disease, is still significant (r = 0.260; <i>p</i> = 0.033). The relationship between IL-1β and PSQI controlling for the influence of these variables is also significant (r = 0.279; <i>p</i> = 0.022). Salivary IL-1β concentrations were not significantly associated with any of the scores of the other psychological assessments (PSS, anxiety, depression symptoms, or self-perceived health). Salivary TNFα was significantly and inversely associated with self-perceived health (r = −0.259; <i>p</i> = 0.033, Pearson correlation), but the salivary IL-6 concentration was not associated with any of the sleep quality scale or psychological assessment scores. Our results provide a novel relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in saliva and poor sleep quality. However, the role of inflammation in poor sleep quality requires further study to identify strategies that could lower inflammation and thus, likely improve sleep quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:51:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c30bec698fbe49a19b27015ddb2916dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c30bec698fbe49a19b27015ddb2916dc2023-12-22T14:03:30ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212023-10-0111413610.3390/diseases11040136Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University StudentsMaría Luisa Ballestar-Tarín0Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle1Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España2Omar Cauli3Rut Navarro-Martínez4Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, SpainDepartment of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, SpainDepartment of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, SpainDepartment of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, SpainDepartment of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, SpainPoor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive symptoms, stress levels, and a poor self-perceived health status. The increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in blood have been linked to poor sleep quality in many diseases, but data on salivary cytokine levels in students are missing or are seldom analyzed. In this study we determined the quality of sleep in a sample of university students and the role of psychological assessment and factors affecting sleep (alcohol intake, tobacco, consumption of stimulant drinks, exercise, and body mass index). We also aimed to shed new light on the associations between sleep quality and salivary inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα). Sleep quality was measured with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Perceived stress was assessed using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) was used to assess the level of anxiety or depression. Perceived health status was measured with a visual analogue. Saliva samples was taken in the morning and the inflammatory cytokines was measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. There was a direct and significant association between the salivary IL-1β concentration and AIS score (r = 0.248; <i>p</i> = 0.038, Pearson correlation) and Pittsburgh scale score (r = 0.274; <i>p</i> = 0.022, Pearson correlation). The relationship between IL-1β and AIS controlling for sex, age, and chronic disease, is still significant (r = 0.260; <i>p</i> = 0.033). The relationship between IL-1β and PSQI controlling for the influence of these variables is also significant (r = 0.279; <i>p</i> = 0.022). Salivary IL-1β concentrations were not significantly associated with any of the scores of the other psychological assessments (PSS, anxiety, depression symptoms, or self-perceived health). Salivary TNFα was significantly and inversely associated with self-perceived health (r = −0.259; <i>p</i> = 0.033, Pearson correlation), but the salivary IL-6 concentration was not associated with any of the sleep quality scale or psychological assessment scores. Our results provide a novel relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in saliva and poor sleep quality. However, the role of inflammation in poor sleep quality requires further study to identify strategies that could lower inflammation and thus, likely improve sleep quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/4/136studentssleepqualitysalivary biomarkers |
| spellingShingle | María Luisa Ballestar-Tarín Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España Omar Cauli Rut Navarro-Martínez Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students Diseases students sleep quality salivary biomarkers |
| title | Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students |
| title_full | Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students |
| title_fullStr | Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students |
| title_short | Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students |
| title_sort | increased salivary il 1 beta level is associated with poor sleep quality in university students |
| topic | students sleep quality salivary biomarkers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/4/136 |
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