First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments
Barren, severely disturbed sites lacking soil, such as mine sites and waste deposit sites, present severe challenges to ecological service restoration because of high temperatures, solar radiation, and wind speeds; extreme temperature changes; and low soil moisture and nutrient availability. An ecol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/1/143 |
| _version_ | 1797344045480017920 |
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| author | Dominic Galea John E. Major |
| author_facet | Dominic Galea John E. Major |
| author_sort | Dominic Galea |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Barren, severely disturbed sites lacking soil, such as mine sites and waste deposit sites, present severe challenges to ecological service restoration because of high temperatures, solar radiation, and wind speeds; extreme temperature changes; and low soil moisture and nutrient availability. An ecological restoration experiment using three site preparation treatments was conducted. Straw (S), Meri-Crusher (MC), and coarse woody debris (CWD) were assessed in a site, no site preparation 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, including a control treatment, on sites barren for 25 years. In addition, four early-successional species: white birch (WB, <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh), gray birch (GB, <i>Betula populifolia</i> Marsh), green alder (GA, <i>Alnus viridis</i> Vill. ssp. <i>crispa</i> Ait) and speckled alder (SA, <i>Alnus incana</i> L. ssp. <i>rugosa</i> Du Roi), were examined for mortality. Mortality was measured after three time periods, summer-related 2021, winter-related, and frost heave mortality (spring 2022). Summer-related mortality was predominantly influenced by S treatments (reduced mortality) and their interactions. Straw’s ability to retain moisture strongly suggests it mitigated summer-related drought mortality. S interactions were not rank changes but magnitude effects. The species × straw interaction showed that SA had the greatest magnitude difference, with 25% and 3.6% summer-related mortality for NS and S treatments, respectively. SA, a hydrophilic species, accounted for nearly half the total summer-related mortality, and there were strong species effects and species interactions. The full combination of site preparation treatments had the lowest summer-related mortality, at 1%. Winter-related mortality only affected 1.9% of the total sample size, and there were no species effects or interactions, but contrary to other results, S was the leading cause of mortality due to fungal presence found on expired seedlings. For frost heave mortality, it was clear that the S treatment was effective, with 1.2% and 20.7% overall mortality for S and NS, respectively. MC alone had the greatest negative effect, with 46.9% frost heave mortality; however, when interacting with S or CWD, the mortality decreased substantially. Frost heave had no species interactions and only a species effect, with SA having the greatest mortality. Over the first full year, MC alone and control had the greatest mortality, with 60% and 38%, respectively, after one year. Overall, one-year mortality showed S reduced mortality by 27% and CWD by 19%, while MC increased mortality by approximately 4%. When treatments were combined in any way, mortality dropped significantly, showing an additive effect, with the three-combination treatment resulting in the lowest one-year mortality, of only 3.1%. Straw provided the strongest effect, both as an effective barrier to moisture evaporation, providing up to 10% more soil moisture under dry conditions and provided an effective thermal barrier that substantially reduced the frost heave mortality. Even early-successional species such as WB, GB, GA, and SA need site preparation treatments to establish and survive the first year on long-term barren lands. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:56:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c314c8ca96034b16ba4156aacffcfec0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:56:36Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-c314c8ca96034b16ba4156aacffcfec02024-01-26T16:33:46ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072024-01-0115114310.3390/f15010143First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation TreatmentsDominic Galea0John E. Major1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service—Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent St., Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, CanadaNatural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service—Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent St., Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, CanadaBarren, severely disturbed sites lacking soil, such as mine sites and waste deposit sites, present severe challenges to ecological service restoration because of high temperatures, solar radiation, and wind speeds; extreme temperature changes; and low soil moisture and nutrient availability. An ecological restoration experiment using three site preparation treatments was conducted. Straw (S), Meri-Crusher (MC), and coarse woody debris (CWD) were assessed in a site, no site preparation 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, including a control treatment, on sites barren for 25 years. In addition, four early-successional species: white birch (WB, <i>Betula papyrifera</i> Marsh), gray birch (GB, <i>Betula populifolia</i> Marsh), green alder (GA, <i>Alnus viridis</i> Vill. ssp. <i>crispa</i> Ait) and speckled alder (SA, <i>Alnus incana</i> L. ssp. <i>rugosa</i> Du Roi), were examined for mortality. Mortality was measured after three time periods, summer-related 2021, winter-related, and frost heave mortality (spring 2022). Summer-related mortality was predominantly influenced by S treatments (reduced mortality) and their interactions. Straw’s ability to retain moisture strongly suggests it mitigated summer-related drought mortality. S interactions were not rank changes but magnitude effects. The species × straw interaction showed that SA had the greatest magnitude difference, with 25% and 3.6% summer-related mortality for NS and S treatments, respectively. SA, a hydrophilic species, accounted for nearly half the total summer-related mortality, and there were strong species effects and species interactions. The full combination of site preparation treatments had the lowest summer-related mortality, at 1%. Winter-related mortality only affected 1.9% of the total sample size, and there were no species effects or interactions, but contrary to other results, S was the leading cause of mortality due to fungal presence found on expired seedlings. For frost heave mortality, it was clear that the S treatment was effective, with 1.2% and 20.7% overall mortality for S and NS, respectively. MC alone had the greatest negative effect, with 46.9% frost heave mortality; however, when interacting with S or CWD, the mortality decreased substantially. Frost heave had no species interactions and only a species effect, with SA having the greatest mortality. Over the first full year, MC alone and control had the greatest mortality, with 60% and 38%, respectively, after one year. Overall, one-year mortality showed S reduced mortality by 27% and CWD by 19%, while MC increased mortality by approximately 4%. When treatments were combined in any way, mortality dropped significantly, showing an additive effect, with the three-combination treatment resulting in the lowest one-year mortality, of only 3.1%. Straw provided the strongest effect, both as an effective barrier to moisture evaporation, providing up to 10% more soil moisture under dry conditions and provided an effective thermal barrier that substantially reduced the frost heave mortality. Even early-successional species such as WB, GB, GA, and SA need site preparation treatments to establish and survive the first year on long-term barren lands.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/1/143land restorationbirchesaldersmortalityfrost heavedrought |
| spellingShingle | Dominic Galea John E. Major First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments Forests land restoration birches alders mortality frost heave drought |
| title | First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments |
| title_full | First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments |
| title_fullStr | First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments |
| title_short | First-Year Mortality of Four Early-Successional Species on Severely Degraded Sites in Eastern Canada as Influenced by a Factorial of Site Preparation Treatments |
| title_sort | first year mortality of four early successional species on severely degraded sites in eastern canada as influenced by a factorial of site preparation treatments |
| topic | land restoration birches alders mortality frost heave drought |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/15/1/143 |
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