Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making
Background: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have cognitive dysfunction in many aspects, however, these patients’ decision-making function remains unclear. In this study, the Game of Dice Task (GDT) was used to investigate the function of decision making in patients with OSAS. M...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-10-01
|
| Series: | Brain Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/10/1436 |
| _version_ | 1797574535876182016 |
|---|---|
| author | Lei Zhao Yanyan Zhao Dongmei Su Zhi Lv Fei Xie Panpan Hu Kierstin L. A. Porter Isabella Mazzei Jaeson D. Chin Yongsheng Wang Yujiang Fang |
| author_facet | Lei Zhao Yanyan Zhao Dongmei Su Zhi Lv Fei Xie Panpan Hu Kierstin L. A. Porter Isabella Mazzei Jaeson D. Chin Yongsheng Wang Yujiang Fang |
| author_sort | Lei Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have cognitive dysfunction in many aspects, however, these patients’ decision-making function remains unclear. In this study, the Game of Dice Task (GDT) was used to investigate the function of decision making in patients with OSAS. Methods: 30 participants with moderate to severe OSAS and 27 participants with no or mild OSAS diagnosed by sleep breathing monitor were selected from June 2021 to March 2022. Risky decision making was tested through the GDT with known risk probability. General demographic information and background cognitive functions, such as the overall cognitive functioning and executive functioning, were tested to establish baseline data. Results: There were no significant differences in gender, age, and years of education between the two groups. During the GDT, the moderate to severe OSAS group opted for the safety option at a statistically significant lower rate when compared to the no or mild OSAS group (7.53 ± 4.43 vs. 10.26 ± 4.26, <i>p</i> = 0.022). The moderate to severe OSAS group utilized the higher risk option than the group with no or mild OSAS (10.47 ± 4.43 vs. 7.74 ± 4.26, <i>p</i> = 0.022). The utilization rate of negative feedback in the moderate and severe OSAS group was lower than that in the no or mild OSAS group (7.50, 52.50 vs. 28.57, 100.00, <i>p</i> = 0.001). At the end of the GDT, the moderate and severe OSAS group was more likely to have negative total assets than the patients with no or mild OSAS (−1846.67 ± 2587.20 vs. 300.00 ± 1509.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis shows that there is a negative correlation between the selection of risk options and negative feedback utilization in the GDT. Conclusion: Patients with moderate and severe OSAS displayed impaired decision-making throughout the study. Impaired decision-making is related to executive processes and may be caused by diminished prefrontal cortex functioning. However, the functions of memory, attention, language, abstraction, and orientation are relatively retained. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:23:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c31a54ea37f843f9aff98053cfb72033 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:23:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-c31a54ea37f843f9aff98053cfb720332023-11-19T15:52:55ZengMDPI AGBrain Sciences2076-34252023-10-011310143610.3390/brainsci13101436Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-MakingLei Zhao0Yanyan Zhao1Dongmei Su2Zhi Lv3Fei Xie4Panpan Hu5Kierstin L. A. Porter6Isabella Mazzei7Jaeson D. Chin8Yongsheng Wang9Yujiang Fang10Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaNeurology Department of Neurology, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230022, ChinaDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USADepartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USADepartment of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Heifei 230011, ChinaDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USABackground: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have cognitive dysfunction in many aspects, however, these patients’ decision-making function remains unclear. In this study, the Game of Dice Task (GDT) was used to investigate the function of decision making in patients with OSAS. Methods: 30 participants with moderate to severe OSAS and 27 participants with no or mild OSAS diagnosed by sleep breathing monitor were selected from June 2021 to March 2022. Risky decision making was tested through the GDT with known risk probability. General demographic information and background cognitive functions, such as the overall cognitive functioning and executive functioning, were tested to establish baseline data. Results: There were no significant differences in gender, age, and years of education between the two groups. During the GDT, the moderate to severe OSAS group opted for the safety option at a statistically significant lower rate when compared to the no or mild OSAS group (7.53 ± 4.43 vs. 10.26 ± 4.26, <i>p</i> = 0.022). The moderate to severe OSAS group utilized the higher risk option than the group with no or mild OSAS (10.47 ± 4.43 vs. 7.74 ± 4.26, <i>p</i> = 0.022). The utilization rate of negative feedback in the moderate and severe OSAS group was lower than that in the no or mild OSAS group (7.50, 52.50 vs. 28.57, 100.00, <i>p</i> = 0.001). At the end of the GDT, the moderate and severe OSAS group was more likely to have negative total assets than the patients with no or mild OSAS (−1846.67 ± 2587.20 vs. 300.00 ± 1509.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis shows that there is a negative correlation between the selection of risk options and negative feedback utilization in the GDT. Conclusion: Patients with moderate and severe OSAS displayed impaired decision-making throughout the study. Impaired decision-making is related to executive processes and may be caused by diminished prefrontal cortex functioning. However, the functions of memory, attention, language, abstraction, and orientation are relatively retained.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/10/1436obstructive sleep apnea syndromecognitive functionGame of Dice Taskverbal fluency test |
| spellingShingle | Lei Zhao Yanyan Zhao Dongmei Su Zhi Lv Fei Xie Panpan Hu Kierstin L. A. Porter Isabella Mazzei Jaeson D. Chin Yongsheng Wang Yujiang Fang Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making Brain Sciences obstructive sleep apnea syndrome cognitive function Game of Dice Task verbal fluency test |
| title | Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making |
| title_full | Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making |
| title_short | Cognitive Functions in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome with Emphasis on Executive Functions and Decision-Making |
| title_sort | cognitive functions in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with emphasis on executive functions and decision making |
| topic | obstructive sleep apnea syndrome cognitive function Game of Dice Task verbal fluency test |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/10/1436 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leizhao cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT yanyanzhao cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT dongmeisu cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT zhilv cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT feixie cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT panpanhu cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT kierstinlaporter cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT isabellamazzei cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT jaesondchin cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT yongshengwang cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking AT yujiangfang cognitivefunctionsinpatientswithmoderatetosevereobstructivesleepapneasyndromewithemphasisonexecutivefunctionsanddecisionmaking |