Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts
<i>Arnica montana</i> L. is one of Europe’s endemic endangered medicinal plants, with diverse biological activities commonly used in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Its flower heads are a rich source of raw material, with antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antir...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/1/142 |
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| author | Danuta Sugier Piotr Sugier Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil Urszula Gawlik-Dziki Adrian Zając Beata Król Stanisław Chmiel Magdalena Kończak Mateusz Pięt Roman Paduch |
| author_facet | Danuta Sugier Piotr Sugier Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil Urszula Gawlik-Dziki Adrian Zając Beata Król Stanisław Chmiel Magdalena Kończak Mateusz Pięt Roman Paduch |
| author_sort | Danuta Sugier |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Arnica montana</i> L. is one of Europe’s endemic endangered medicinal plants, with diverse biological activities commonly used in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Its flower heads are a rich source of raw material, with antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The objective of the present study was (i) to characterize the chemical composition of flower heads of <i>A. montana</i> plants cultivated under nitrogen fertilization, (ii) to identify the impact of the nitrogen fertilization and extraction method (water, ethanol) on the antioxidant activity of extracts, and (iii) to determine the role of different nitrogen doses applied during plant cultivation and different extraction methods in the anticancer activity of the extracts through analysis of apoptosis and autophagy induction in HT29, HeLa, and SW620 cell lines. The present study shows that nitrogen is a crucial determinant of the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and the antioxidant and anticancer activity of the analyzed extracts. Nitrogen fertilization can modify the composition of pharmacologically active substances (sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oil) in <i>Arnicae flos</i>. The content of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oil increased with the increase in the nitrogen doses to 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> by 0.66%, 1.45%, and 0.27%, respectively. A further increase in the nitrogen dose resulted in a decrease in the content of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Varied levels of nitrogen application can be regarded as a relevant way to modify the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and to increase the anticancer activity, which was confirmed by the increase in the level of apoptosis with the increase in fertilization to a level of 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. The fertilization of arnica plants with low doses of nitrogen (30 and 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) significantly increased the LOX inhibition ability of the ethanol extracts. The present study is the first report on the anticancer activity of <i>A. montana</i> water extracts, with emphasis on the role of water as a solvent. In further studies of factors modifying the quality of <i>Arnicae flos</i>, attention should be paid to the simultaneous use of nitrogen and other microelements to achieve synergistic results and to the possibility of a more frequent use of water as a solvent in studies on the biological activity of <i>A. montana</i> extracts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:27:44Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:27:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-c338c958e9bc46de804566cbc023b1e12023-12-03T15:00:36ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-12-0112114210.3390/plants12010142Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head ExtractsDanuta Sugier0Piotr Sugier1Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil2Urszula Gawlik-Dziki3Adrian Zając4Beata Król5Stanisław Chmiel6Magdalena Kończak7Mateusz Pięt8Roman Paduch9Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Hydrology and Climatology, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka Av. 2d, 20-718 Lublin, PolandInstitute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka Av. 2d, 20-718 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland<i>Arnica montana</i> L. is one of Europe’s endemic endangered medicinal plants, with diverse biological activities commonly used in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetics. Its flower heads are a rich source of raw material, with antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The objective of the present study was (i) to characterize the chemical composition of flower heads of <i>A. montana</i> plants cultivated under nitrogen fertilization, (ii) to identify the impact of the nitrogen fertilization and extraction method (water, ethanol) on the antioxidant activity of extracts, and (iii) to determine the role of different nitrogen doses applied during plant cultivation and different extraction methods in the anticancer activity of the extracts through analysis of apoptosis and autophagy induction in HT29, HeLa, and SW620 cell lines. The present study shows that nitrogen is a crucial determinant of the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and the antioxidant and anticancer activity of the analyzed extracts. Nitrogen fertilization can modify the composition of pharmacologically active substances (sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oil) in <i>Arnicae flos</i>. The content of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oil increased with the increase in the nitrogen doses to 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> by 0.66%, 1.45%, and 0.27%, respectively. A further increase in the nitrogen dose resulted in a decrease in the content of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Varied levels of nitrogen application can be regarded as a relevant way to modify the chemical composition of arnica flower heads and to increase the anticancer activity, which was confirmed by the increase in the level of apoptosis with the increase in fertilization to a level of 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. The fertilization of arnica plants with low doses of nitrogen (30 and 60 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>) significantly increased the LOX inhibition ability of the ethanol extracts. The present study is the first report on the anticancer activity of <i>A. montana</i> water extracts, with emphasis on the role of water as a solvent. In further studies of factors modifying the quality of <i>Arnicae flos</i>, attention should be paid to the simultaneous use of nitrogen and other microelements to achieve synergistic results and to the possibility of a more frequent use of water as a solvent in studies on the biological activity of <i>A. montana</i> extracts.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/1/142<i>Arnica montana</i>nitrogen fertilizationextraction methodsantioxidant activityanticancer activity |
| spellingShingle | Danuta Sugier Piotr Sugier Joanna Jakubowicz-Gil Urszula Gawlik-Dziki Adrian Zając Beata Król Stanisław Chmiel Magdalena Kończak Mateusz Pięt Roman Paduch Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts Plants <i>Arnica montana</i> nitrogen fertilization extraction methods antioxidant activity anticancer activity |
| title | Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts |
| title_full | Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts |
| title_fullStr | Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts |
| title_short | Nitrogen Fertilization and Solvents as Factors Modifying the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of <i>Arnica montana</i> L. Flower Head Extracts |
| title_sort | nitrogen fertilization and solvents as factors modifying the antioxidant and anticancer potential of i arnica montana i l flower head extracts |
| topic | <i>Arnica montana</i> nitrogen fertilization extraction methods antioxidant activity anticancer activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/1/142 |
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