Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis
Angiogenesis in tumor growth and progression involves a series of complex changes in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment, which can be classified as exosomes, apoptotic vesicles, and matrix vesicles according to their origin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/21/5415 |
| _version_ | 1797468803481731072 |
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| author | Ye Zeng Yan Qiu Wenli Jiang Bingmei M. Fu |
| author_facet | Ye Zeng Yan Qiu Wenli Jiang Bingmei M. Fu |
| author_sort | Ye Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Angiogenesis in tumor growth and progression involves a series of complex changes in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment, which can be classified as exosomes, apoptotic vesicles, and matrix vesicles according to their origins and properties. The EVs that share many common biological properties are important factors for the microenvironmental modification and play a vital role in tumor growth and progression. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exosomes, which carry VEGF, participate in the tolerance of anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT). The glycocalyx is a mucopolysaccharide structure consisting of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. Both endothelial and tumor cells have glycocalyx at their surfaces. Glycocalyx at both cells mediates the secretion and uptake of EVs. On the other hand, many components carried by EVs can modify the glycocalyx, which finally facilitates the development of the tumor microenvironment. In this short review, we first summarize the role of EVs in the development of the tumor microenvironment. Then we review how the glycocalyx is associated with the tumor microenvironment and how it is modulated by the EVs, and finally, we review the role of the glycocalyx in the synthesis, release, and uptake of EVs that affect tumor microenvironments. This review aims to provide a basis for the mechanistic study of AAT and new clues to address the challenges in AAT tolerance, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:12:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c36dac4a83d040d5952b6abd0d20bfac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:12:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-c36dac4a83d040d5952b6abd0d20bfac2023-11-24T04:04:04ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-11-011421541510.3390/cancers14215415Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and MetastasisYe Zeng0Yan Qiu1Wenli Jiang2Bingmei M. Fu3Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USAAngiogenesis in tumor growth and progression involves a series of complex changes in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment, which can be classified as exosomes, apoptotic vesicles, and matrix vesicles according to their origins and properties. The EVs that share many common biological properties are important factors for the microenvironmental modification and play a vital role in tumor growth and progression. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exosomes, which carry VEGF, participate in the tolerance of anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT). The glycocalyx is a mucopolysaccharide structure consisting of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. Both endothelial and tumor cells have glycocalyx at their surfaces. Glycocalyx at both cells mediates the secretion and uptake of EVs. On the other hand, many components carried by EVs can modify the glycocalyx, which finally facilitates the development of the tumor microenvironment. In this short review, we first summarize the role of EVs in the development of the tumor microenvironment. Then we review how the glycocalyx is associated with the tumor microenvironment and how it is modulated by the EVs, and finally, we review the role of the glycocalyx in the synthesis, release, and uptake of EVs that affect tumor microenvironments. This review aims to provide a basis for the mechanistic study of AAT and new clues to address the challenges in AAT tolerance, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/21/5415extracellular vesiclesglycocalyxmicroenvironmentangiogenesismetastasis |
| spellingShingle | Ye Zeng Yan Qiu Wenli Jiang Bingmei M. Fu Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis Cancers extracellular vesicles glycocalyx microenvironment angiogenesis metastasis |
| title | Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis |
| title_full | Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis |
| title_fullStr | Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis |
| title_short | Glycocalyx Acts as a Central Player in the Development of Tumor Microenvironment by Extracellular Vesicles for Angiogenesis and Metastasis |
| title_sort | glycocalyx acts as a central player in the development of tumor microenvironment by extracellular vesicles for angiogenesis and metastasis |
| topic | extracellular vesicles glycocalyx microenvironment angiogenesis metastasis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/21/5415 |
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