A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise
During exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity tha...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666245023000272 |
| _version_ | 1797398992435281920 |
|---|---|
| author | Jose M. Moris Arturo Cardona Brendan Hinckley Armando Mendez Alexandra Blades Vineet K. Paidisetty Christian J. Chang Ryan Curtis Kylie Allen Yunsuk Koh |
| author_facet | Jose M. Moris Arturo Cardona Brendan Hinckley Armando Mendez Alexandra Blades Vineet K. Paidisetty Christian J. Chang Ryan Curtis Kylie Allen Yunsuk Koh |
| author_sort | Jose M. Moris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity that stimulates neuroplasticity and other key processes of cerebral adaptations that ultimately improve cognitive health. Recent work has focused on utilizing gas-induced exposure to intermittent hypoxia during aerobic exercise to maximize the improvements in cognitive function compared to those seen under normoxic conditions. However, it is postulated that exercising by isolating breathing only to the nasal route may provide a similar effect by stimulating a transient hypercapnic condition that is non-gas dependent. Because nasal breathing prevents hyperventilation during exercise, it promotes an increase in the partial arterial pressure of CO2. The rise in systemic CO2 stimulates hypercapnia and permits the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes. In addition, the rise in systemic CO2 stimulates cerebral vasodilation, promoting a greater increase in CBF than seen during normoxic conditions. While more research is warranted, nasal breathing might also promote benefits related to improved sleep, greater immunity, and body fat loss. Altogether, this narrative review presents a theoretical framework by which exercise-induced hypercapnia by utilizing nasal breathing during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may promote greater health adaptations and cognitive improvements than utilizing oronasal breathing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:33:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c3a05f57d2f443c09099c82cf4c4acb9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-2450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:33:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior |
| spelling | doaj.art-c3a05f57d2f443c09099c82cf4c4acb92023-12-09T06:08:04ZengElsevierCerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior2666-24502023-01-015100183A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exerciseJose M. Moris0Arturo Cardona1Brendan Hinckley2Armando Mendez3Alexandra Blades4Vineet K. Paidisetty5Christian J. Chang6Ryan Curtis7Kylie Allen8Yunsuk Koh9Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDepartment of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesCorresponding author.; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United StatesDuring exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity that stimulates neuroplasticity and other key processes of cerebral adaptations that ultimately improve cognitive health. Recent work has focused on utilizing gas-induced exposure to intermittent hypoxia during aerobic exercise to maximize the improvements in cognitive function compared to those seen under normoxic conditions. However, it is postulated that exercising by isolating breathing only to the nasal route may provide a similar effect by stimulating a transient hypercapnic condition that is non-gas dependent. Because nasal breathing prevents hyperventilation during exercise, it promotes an increase in the partial arterial pressure of CO2. The rise in systemic CO2 stimulates hypercapnia and permits the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes. In addition, the rise in systemic CO2 stimulates cerebral vasodilation, promoting a greater increase in CBF than seen during normoxic conditions. While more research is warranted, nasal breathing might also promote benefits related to improved sleep, greater immunity, and body fat loss. Altogether, this narrative review presents a theoretical framework by which exercise-induced hypercapnia by utilizing nasal breathing during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may promote greater health adaptations and cognitive improvements than utilizing oronasal breathing.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666245023000272Cerebral autoregulationAngiogenesisHypoxia-inducible factorCarbon dioxideHypoventilationDementia |
| spellingShingle | Jose M. Moris Arturo Cardona Brendan Hinckley Armando Mendez Alexandra Blades Vineet K. Paidisetty Christian J. Chang Ryan Curtis Kylie Allen Yunsuk Koh A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior Cerebral autoregulation Angiogenesis Hypoxia-inducible factor Carbon dioxide Hypoventilation Dementia |
| title | A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| title_full | A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| title_fullStr | A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| title_full_unstemmed | A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| title_short | A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| title_sort | framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise |
| topic | Cerebral autoregulation Angiogenesis Hypoxia-inducible factor Carbon dioxide Hypoventilation Dementia |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666245023000272 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT josemmoris aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT arturocardona aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT brendanhinckley aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT armandomendez aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT alexandrablades aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT vineetkpaidisetty aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT christianjchang aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT ryancurtis aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT kylieallen aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT yunsukkoh aframeworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT josemmoris frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT arturocardona frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT brendanhinckley frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT armandomendez frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT alexandrablades frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT vineetkpaidisetty frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT christianjchang frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT ryancurtis frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT kylieallen frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise AT yunsukkoh frameworkoftransienthypercapniatoachieveanincreasedcerebralbloodflowinducedbynasalbreathingduringaerobicexercise |