Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established?
Correspondence relations between codons and amino acids are determined by genetic code. Therefore, genetic code holds a key of the life system composed of genes and protein. According to the GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis, which I have proposed, it is assumed that the genetic code origina...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/2/375 |
| _version_ | 1797620836116463616 |
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| author | Kenji Ikehara |
| author_facet | Kenji Ikehara |
| author_sort | Kenji Ikehara |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Correspondence relations between codons and amino acids are determined by genetic code. Therefore, genetic code holds a key of the life system composed of genes and protein. According to the GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis, which I have proposed, it is assumed that the genetic code originated from GNC code. In this article, first, it is discussed from a standpoint of primeval protein synthesis, why four [GADV]-amino acids were selected and used in the first GNC code. Next, it is explained from another standpoint of the most primitive anticodon-stem loop tRNAs (AntiC-SL tRNAs), how four GNCs were selected for the first codons. Furthermore, in the last section of this article, I will explain my idea of how the correspondence relations between four [GADV]-amino acids and four GNC codons were established. Namely, the origin and evolution of the genetic code was discussed comprehensively from several aspects of [GADV]-proteins, [GADV]-amino acids, GNC codons, and anticodon stem-loop tRNAs (AntiC-SL tRNAs), which relate each other to the origin of the genetic code, as integrating GNC code frozen-accident theory, coevolution theory, and adaptive theory on the origin of the genetic code. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:47:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c3a92bca5c7e4c2187b8bb34612cfd5e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:47:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Genes |
| spelling | doaj.art-c3a92bca5c7e4c2187b8bb34612cfd5e2023-11-16T20:42:06ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252023-01-0114237510.3390/genes14020375Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established?Kenji Ikehara0G&L Kyosei Institute, The Keihanna Academy of Science and Culture (KASC), Keihanna Interaction Plaza, Lab. Wing 3F, 1-7 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Souraku, Kyoto 619-0237, JapanCorrespondence relations between codons and amino acids are determined by genetic code. Therefore, genetic code holds a key of the life system composed of genes and protein. According to the GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis, which I have proposed, it is assumed that the genetic code originated from GNC code. In this article, first, it is discussed from a standpoint of primeval protein synthesis, why four [GADV]-amino acids were selected and used in the first GNC code. Next, it is explained from another standpoint of the most primitive anticodon-stem loop tRNAs (AntiC-SL tRNAs), how four GNCs were selected for the first codons. Furthermore, in the last section of this article, I will explain my idea of how the correspondence relations between four [GADV]-amino acids and four GNC codons were established. Namely, the origin and evolution of the genetic code was discussed comprehensively from several aspects of [GADV]-proteins, [GADV]-amino acids, GNC codons, and anticodon stem-loop tRNAs (AntiC-SL tRNAs), which relate each other to the origin of the genetic code, as integrating GNC code frozen-accident theory, coevolution theory, and adaptive theory on the origin of the genetic code.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/2/375origin of the genetic codeGNC code frozen-accident theorycoevolution theoryadaptive theoryorigin of tRNAGADV hypothesis |
| spellingShingle | Kenji Ikehara Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? Genes origin of the genetic code GNC code frozen-accident theory coevolution theory adaptive theory origin of tRNA GADV hypothesis |
| title | Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? |
| title_full | Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? |
| title_fullStr | Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? |
| title_short | Why Were [GADV]-amino Acids and GNC Codons Selected and How Was GNC Primeval Genetic Code Established? |
| title_sort | why were gadv amino acids and gnc codons selected and how was gnc primeval genetic code established |
| topic | origin of the genetic code GNC code frozen-accident theory coevolution theory adaptive theory origin of tRNA GADV hypothesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/2/375 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kenjiikehara whyweregadvaminoacidsandgnccodonsselectedandhowwasgncprimevalgeneticcodeestablished |