Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey
BackgroundNurses/midwives and Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are exposed to chronic stressors putting them at risk of developing mental health problems. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited empirical evidence of the burden of mental health problems among health ca...
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , |
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| Médium: | Článek |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-05-01
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| Edice: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| Témata: | |
| On-line přístup: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123839/full |
| _version_ | 1827874060169641984 |
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| author | Sabina Adhiambo Odero Paul Mwangi Rachel Odhiambo Brenda Mumbua Nzioka Constance Shumba Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo Amina Abubakar |
| author_facet | Sabina Adhiambo Odero Paul Mwangi Rachel Odhiambo Brenda Mumbua Nzioka Constance Shumba Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo Amina Abubakar |
| author_sort | Sabina Adhiambo Odero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundNurses/midwives and Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are exposed to chronic stressors putting them at risk of developing mental health problems. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited empirical evidence of the burden of mental health problems among health care workers partly due to the lack of adequately standardized and validated measures for use among health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 administered to nurses/midwives and CHVs across 47 counties in Kenya.MethodsBetween June and November 2021, a national survey on mental well-being and resilience among nurses/midwives and CHVs was conducted via telephone interviews. The survey had a total sample size of 1907 nurses/midwives and 2027 CHVs. Cronbach’s alpha and MacDonalds’ omega were used to evaluate the scale’s internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test the one-factor structure of the scales. Multi-group CFA was applied to evaluate the generalizability of the scales across the Swahili and English versions, and among male and female health workers. The Spearman correlation was used to assess the tools’ divergent and convergent validity.ResultsThe internal consistency of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was good, with alpha and omega values above 0.7 across study samples. CFA results indicated a one-factor structure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 for both nurses/midwives and CHVs. Multi-group CFA showed that both scales were unidimensional across both language and sex. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were positively correlated with perceived stress, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder, indicating convergent validity. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly negatively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity.ConclusionThe PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are unidimensional, reliable, and valid tools for screening depression and anxiety among nurses/midwives and CHVs. The tools can be administered in a similar population or study setting using either Swahili or English. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T16:45:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c3edb51a2e034f41b6bba32c198bbc39 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T16:45:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-c3edb51a2e034f41b6bba32c198bbc392023-08-08T12:37:43ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402023-05-011410.3389/fpsyt.2023.11238391123839Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic surveySabina Adhiambo Odero0Paul Mwangi1Rachel Odhiambo2Brenda Mumbua Nzioka3Constance Shumba4Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo5Amina Abubakar6Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaInstitute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaInstitute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaInstitute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaInstitute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaBackgroundNurses/midwives and Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are exposed to chronic stressors putting them at risk of developing mental health problems. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited empirical evidence of the burden of mental health problems among health care workers partly due to the lack of adequately standardized and validated measures for use among health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 administered to nurses/midwives and CHVs across 47 counties in Kenya.MethodsBetween June and November 2021, a national survey on mental well-being and resilience among nurses/midwives and CHVs was conducted via telephone interviews. The survey had a total sample size of 1907 nurses/midwives and 2027 CHVs. Cronbach’s alpha and MacDonalds’ omega were used to evaluate the scale’s internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test the one-factor structure of the scales. Multi-group CFA was applied to evaluate the generalizability of the scales across the Swahili and English versions, and among male and female health workers. The Spearman correlation was used to assess the tools’ divergent and convergent validity.ResultsThe internal consistency of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was good, with alpha and omega values above 0.7 across study samples. CFA results indicated a one-factor structure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 for both nurses/midwives and CHVs. Multi-group CFA showed that both scales were unidimensional across both language and sex. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were positively correlated with perceived stress, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder, indicating convergent validity. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly negatively correlated with resilience and work engagement, supporting divergent validity.ConclusionThe PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are unidimensional, reliable, and valid tools for screening depression and anxiety among nurses/midwives and CHVs. The tools can be administered in a similar population or study setting using either Swahili or English.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123839/fullanxietydepressioncommunity health volunteersPHQ-9GAD-7nurses/midwives |
| spellingShingle | Sabina Adhiambo Odero Paul Mwangi Rachel Odhiambo Brenda Mumbua Nzioka Constance Shumba Eunice Ndirangu-Mugo Amina Abubakar Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey Frontiers in Psychiatry anxiety depression community health volunteers PHQ-9 GAD-7 nurses/midwives |
| title | Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey |
| title_full | Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey |
| title_fullStr | Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey |
| title_short | Psychometric evaluation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 among community health volunteers and nurses/midwives in Kenya following a nation-wide telephonic survey |
| title_sort | psychometric evaluation of phq 9 and gad 7 among community health volunteers and nurses midwives in kenya following a nation wide telephonic survey |
| topic | anxiety depression community health volunteers PHQ-9 GAD-7 nurses/midwives |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123839/full |
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