Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers
Physiological responses related to 400-m front crawl performance were examined in a 11-week training macrocycle in children 11.6 ± 1.2 years old. Fourteen girls and twenty-nine boys completed a maximum intensity 400-m test, at the beginning (Τ1) and at the end of four weeks of gen...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-03-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/57 |
| _version_ | 1798005299079020544 |
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| author | Sara Ferreira Diogo Carvalho Ana Sofia Monteiro J. Arturo Abraldes J. Paulo Vilas-Boas Argyris Toubekis Ricardo Fernandes |
| author_facet | Sara Ferreira Diogo Carvalho Ana Sofia Monteiro J. Arturo Abraldes J. Paulo Vilas-Boas Argyris Toubekis Ricardo Fernandes |
| author_sort | Sara Ferreira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Physiological responses related to 400-m front crawl performance were examined in a 11-week training macrocycle in children 11.6 ± 1.2 years old. Fourteen girls and twenty-nine boys completed a maximum intensity 400-m test, at the beginning (Τ1) and at the end of four weeks of general preparation (Τ2), four weeks of specific preparation (Τ3), and three weeks of the competitive period (Τ4). Blood lactate (La), blood glucose (Glu) and heart rate were measured post effort. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured during the test. The 400-m time was decreased at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1 by 4.2 ± 4.9, 7.5 ± 7.0, and 8.6 ± 7.3% (p < 0.05) and at T3 and T4 compared to T2 by 3.1 ± 4.3 and 4.2 ± 4.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). La was not different between tests (p > 0.05) and Glu was decreased at T3 compared to other testing moments (p < 0.05). SR, SL, and SI were higher at T3 and T4 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). SL and SI were also increased at T4 compared to T2 (p < 0.05). Performance changes from T1 to T2 were related to SL and SI changes (r = 0.45 and 0.83, p < 0.05), and subsequent changes between T2 to T3 were related to SR, SI, La, and Glu changes (r = 0.48, 0.68, 0.34, and 0.42, p < 0.05). Performance change from T3 to T4 was related to SL, SI, and La modifications (r = 0.34, 0.70, and 0.53, p < 0.05). Performance gains may be related to various biomechanical or physiological changes according to training macrocycle structure. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:36:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c4296e4e70bb437aae7c465481840db3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4663 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:36:55Z |
| publishDate | 2019-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sports |
| spelling | doaj.art-c4296e4e70bb437aae7c465481840db32022-12-22T04:23:36ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632019-03-01735710.3390/sports7030057sports7030057Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children SwimmersSara Ferreira0Diogo Carvalho1Ana Sofia Monteiro2J. Arturo Abraldes3J. Paulo Vilas-Boas4Argyris Toubekis5Ricardo Fernandes6Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, PortugalCentre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, PortugalCentre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, SpainCentre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, PortugalNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of P.E. & Sport Science, 17237 Athens, GreeceCentre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, PortugalPhysiological responses related to 400-m front crawl performance were examined in a 11-week training macrocycle in children 11.6 ± 1.2 years old. Fourteen girls and twenty-nine boys completed a maximum intensity 400-m test, at the beginning (Τ1) and at the end of four weeks of general preparation (Τ2), four weeks of specific preparation (Τ3), and three weeks of the competitive period (Τ4). Blood lactate (La), blood glucose (Glu) and heart rate were measured post effort. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured during the test. The 400-m time was decreased at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1 by 4.2 ± 4.9, 7.5 ± 7.0, and 8.6 ± 7.3% (p < 0.05) and at T3 and T4 compared to T2 by 3.1 ± 4.3 and 4.2 ± 4.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). La was not different between tests (p > 0.05) and Glu was decreased at T3 compared to other testing moments (p < 0.05). SR, SL, and SI were higher at T3 and T4 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). SL and SI were also increased at T4 compared to T2 (p < 0.05). Performance changes from T1 to T2 were related to SL and SI changes (r = 0.45 and 0.83, p < 0.05), and subsequent changes between T2 to T3 were related to SR, SI, La, and Glu changes (r = 0.48, 0.68, 0.34, and 0.42, p < 0.05). Performance change from T3 to T4 was related to SL, SI, and La modifications (r = 0.34, 0.70, and 0.53, p < 0.05). Performance gains may be related to various biomechanical or physiological changes according to training macrocycle structure.http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/57performancelactatestroke ratestroke lengthstroke indexmacrocycle |
| spellingShingle | Sara Ferreira Diogo Carvalho Ana Sofia Monteiro J. Arturo Abraldes J. Paulo Vilas-Boas Argyris Toubekis Ricardo Fernandes Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers Sports performance lactate stroke rate stroke length stroke index macrocycle |
| title | Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers |
| title_full | Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers |
| title_fullStr | Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers |
| title_short | Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers |
| title_sort | physiological and biomechanical evaluation of a training macrocycle in children swimmers |
| topic | performance lactate stroke rate stroke length stroke index macrocycle |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/57 |
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