A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons
Protected wetlands such as deltas, lakes or rivers provide a sanctuary for many endangered species. In order to protect these areas from illegal human interventions, it is necessary to monitor the unauthorized entrance of motor boats. In order to mitigate such an impact, we have developed a network...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8392 |
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| author | Stefania Bucuci Andreea Constantin Mirel Paun Marius N. Pastorcici Razvan D. Tamas Alin Danisor Rodica Constantinescu |
| author_facet | Stefania Bucuci Andreea Constantin Mirel Paun Marius N. Pastorcici Razvan D. Tamas Alin Danisor Rodica Constantinescu |
| author_sort | Stefania Bucuci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Protected wetlands such as deltas, lakes or rivers provide a sanctuary for many endangered species. In order to protect these areas from illegal human interventions, it is necessary to monitor the unauthorized entrance of motor boats. In order to mitigate such an impact, we have developed a network of floating beacons for underwater acoustic monitoring, using LoRa communication modules operating at 433 MHz. Such beacons should be equipped with compact antennas. In this paper, we use a genetic algorithm approach to design the compact, monopole antennas required for the beacons; size constraints would apply not only to the radiating element but also to the ground plane. Although the antenna input is unbalanced, such a small ground plane may yield common mode currents on the antenna feeder, which distort the radiation pattern of the antenna. In order to investigate the effect of the common mode currents, we developed a distance averaging method, while, for characterizing the antenna, we used a single-antenna method. For the experimental validation of the system in real conditions, a continuous monitoring of the lake was carried out. During the monitoring, multiple events generated by incursions of motor boats were successfully detected and recorded. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:40:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c42ca4789f4141cba29ef6ac4fbe353a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:40:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-c42ca4789f4141cba29ef6ac4fbe353a2023-11-24T06:47:18ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-11-012221839210.3390/s22218392A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring BeaconsStefania Bucuci0Andreea Constantin1Mirel Paun2Marius N. Pastorcici3Razvan D. Tamas4Alin Danisor5Rodica Constantinescu6Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, RomaniaDepartment of Applied Electronics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, RomaniaProtected wetlands such as deltas, lakes or rivers provide a sanctuary for many endangered species. In order to protect these areas from illegal human interventions, it is necessary to monitor the unauthorized entrance of motor boats. In order to mitigate such an impact, we have developed a network of floating beacons for underwater acoustic monitoring, using LoRa communication modules operating at 433 MHz. Such beacons should be equipped with compact antennas. In this paper, we use a genetic algorithm approach to design the compact, monopole antennas required for the beacons; size constraints would apply not only to the radiating element but also to the ground plane. Although the antenna input is unbalanced, such a small ground plane may yield common mode currents on the antenna feeder, which distort the radiation pattern of the antenna. In order to investigate the effect of the common mode currents, we developed a distance averaging method, while, for characterizing the antenna, we used a single-antenna method. For the experimental validation of the system in real conditions, a continuous monitoring of the lake was carried out. During the monitoring, multiple events generated by incursions of motor boats were successfully detected and recorded.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8392monopole antennacompact antennameander line antennagenetic algorithmenvironmental factors monitoringunderwater noise monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Stefania Bucuci Andreea Constantin Mirel Paun Marius N. Pastorcici Razvan D. Tamas Alin Danisor Rodica Constantinescu A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons Sensors monopole antenna compact antenna meander line antenna genetic algorithm environmental factors monitoring underwater noise monitoring |
| title | A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons |
| title_full | A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons |
| title_fullStr | A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons |
| title_short | A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons |
| title_sort | compact monopole antenna for underwater acoustic monitoring beacons |
| topic | monopole antenna compact antenna meander line antenna genetic algorithm environmental factors monitoring underwater noise monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/21/8392 |
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