The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis
Iron, copper and zinc are essential for all living organisms. Moreover, the homeostasis of these metals is vital to microorganisms during pathogenic interactions with a host. Most pathogens have developed specific mechanisms for the uptake of micronutrients from their hosts in order to counteract th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2011-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00049/full |
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| author | Mirelle G Silva Augusto eSchrank Elisa Flávia LC Bailão Alexandre M Bailão Clayton L Borges Charley C Staats Juliana A Parente Maristela ePereira Silvia M Salem-Izacc Maria José S Mendes-Giannini Rosely M Zancopé-Oliveira Lívia K Rosa E Silva Joshua D Nosanchuk Marilene H Vainstein Célia Maria De Almeida Soares |
| author_facet | Mirelle G Silva Augusto eSchrank Elisa Flávia LC Bailão Alexandre M Bailão Clayton L Borges Charley C Staats Juliana A Parente Maristela ePereira Silvia M Salem-Izacc Maria José S Mendes-Giannini Rosely M Zancopé-Oliveira Lívia K Rosa E Silva Joshua D Nosanchuk Marilene H Vainstein Célia Maria De Almeida Soares |
| author_sort | Mirelle G Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron, copper and zinc are essential for all living organisms. Moreover, the homeostasis of these metals is vital to microorganisms during pathogenic interactions with a host. Most pathogens have developed specific mechanisms for the uptake of micronutrients from their hosts in order to counteract the low availability of essential ions in infected tissues. We report here an analysis of genes potentially involved in iron, copper and zinc uptake and homeostasis in the fungal pathogens Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii. Although prior studies have identified certain aspects of metal regulation in Cryptococcus species, little is known regarding the regulation of these elements in P. brasiliensis. We also present amino acid sequences analyses of deduced proteins in order to examine possible conserved domains. The genomic data reveals, for the first time, genes associated to iron, copper and zinc assimilation and homeostasis in P. brasiliensis. Furthermore, analyses of the three fungal species identified homologues to genes associated with high-affinity uptake systems, vacuolar and mitochondrial iron storage, copper uptake and reduction, and zinc assimilation. However, homologues to genes involved in siderophore production were only found in P. brasiliensis. Interestingly, in silico analysis of the genomes of P. brasiliensis Pb01, Pb03 and Pb18 revealed significant differences in the presence and/or number of genes involved in metal homeostasis, such as in genes related to iron reduction and oxidation. The broad analyses of the genomes of P. brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii for genes involved in metal homeostasis provide important groundwork for numerous interesting future areas of investigation that are required in order to validate and explore the function of the identified genes and gene pathways. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T10:43:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c42dcabb38ee410c8e0238a1f06cac09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T10:43:18Z |
| publishDate | 2011-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-c42dcabb38ee410c8e0238a1f06cac092022-12-21T23:50:22ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2011-03-01210.3389/fmicb.2011.000497263The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysisMirelle G Silva0Augusto eSchrank1Elisa Flávia LC Bailão2Alexandre M Bailão3Clayton L Borges4Charley C Staats5Juliana A Parente6Maristela ePereira7Silvia M Salem-Izacc8Maria José S Mendes-Giannini9Rosely M Zancopé-Oliveira10Lívia K Rosa E Silva11Joshua D Nosanchuk12Marilene H Vainstein13Célia Maria De Almeida Soares14UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSUniversidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquista FilhoFundação Oswaldo CruzUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulAlbert Einstein College of MedicineUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulUNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁSIron, copper and zinc are essential for all living organisms. Moreover, the homeostasis of these metals is vital to microorganisms during pathogenic interactions with a host. Most pathogens have developed specific mechanisms for the uptake of micronutrients from their hosts in order to counteract the low availability of essential ions in infected tissues. We report here an analysis of genes potentially involved in iron, copper and zinc uptake and homeostasis in the fungal pathogens Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii. Although prior studies have identified certain aspects of metal regulation in Cryptococcus species, little is known regarding the regulation of these elements in P. brasiliensis. We also present amino acid sequences analyses of deduced proteins in order to examine possible conserved domains. The genomic data reveals, for the first time, genes associated to iron, copper and zinc assimilation and homeostasis in P. brasiliensis. Furthermore, analyses of the three fungal species identified homologues to genes associated with high-affinity uptake systems, vacuolar and mitochondrial iron storage, copper uptake and reduction, and zinc assimilation. However, homologues to genes involved in siderophore production were only found in P. brasiliensis. Interestingly, in silico analysis of the genomes of P. brasiliensis Pb01, Pb03 and Pb18 revealed significant differences in the presence and/or number of genes involved in metal homeostasis, such as in genes related to iron reduction and oxidation. The broad analyses of the genomes of P. brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii for genes involved in metal homeostasis provide important groundwork for numerous interesting future areas of investigation that are required in order to validate and explore the function of the identified genes and gene pathways.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00049/fullInfectionmicronutrient homeostasispathogenic fungi |
| spellingShingle | Mirelle G Silva Augusto eSchrank Elisa Flávia LC Bailão Alexandre M Bailão Clayton L Borges Charley C Staats Juliana A Parente Maristela ePereira Silvia M Salem-Izacc Maria José S Mendes-Giannini Rosely M Zancopé-Oliveira Lívia K Rosa E Silva Joshua D Nosanchuk Marilene H Vainstein Célia Maria De Almeida Soares The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis Frontiers in Microbiology Infection micronutrient homeostasis pathogenic fungi |
| title | The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis |
| title_full | The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis |
| title_fullStr | The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis |
| title_short | The homeostasis of iron, copper and zinc in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii: A comparative analysis |
| title_sort | homeostasis of iron copper and zinc in paracoccidioides brasiliensis cryptococcus neoformans var grubii and cryptococcus gattii a comparative analysis |
| topic | Infection micronutrient homeostasis pathogenic fungi |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00049/full |
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