Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico
Mycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other m...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/153 |
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| author | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Michael Sulyok Juan-Ignacio Artavia Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz César Garzón-Pérez Ezequías Castillo-Lopez Luis Zavala Juan-David Orozco Johannes Faas Rudolf Krska Qendrim Zebeli |
| author_facet | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Michael Sulyok Juan-Ignacio Artavia Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz César Garzón-Pérez Ezequías Castillo-Lopez Luis Zavala Juan-David Orozco Johannes Faas Rudolf Krska Qendrim Zebeli |
| author_sort | Felipe Penagos-Tabares |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites have been neglected and underestimated. This study analyzed a broad spectrum (>800) of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites in whole-plant corn silages (WPCSs) and total mixed rations (TMRs) collected from 19 Mexican dairy farms. A validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI–MS/MS) method was used. Our results revealed 125 of >800 tested (potentially toxic) secondary metabolites. WPCSs/TMRs in Mexico presented ubiquitous contamination with mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites. The average number of mycotoxins per TMR was 24, ranging from 9 to 31. <i>Fusarium</i>-derived secondary metabolites showed the highest frequencies, concentrations, and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in TMRs were zearalenone (ZEN) (100%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (84%), and deoxynivalenol (84%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), previously reported in Mexico, were not detected. All TMR samples tested positive for phytoestrogens. Among the investigated dietary ingredients, corn stover, sorghum silage, and concentrate proportions were the most correlated with levels of total mycotoxins, fumonisins (Fs), and ergot alkaloids, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:11Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-c45ee06ec1e3454e91cdbf10b361263c2023-11-16T23:39:16ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-02-0115215310.3390/toxins15020153Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern MexicoFelipe Penagos-Tabares0Michael Sulyok1Juan-Ignacio Artavia2Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz3César Garzón-Pérez4Ezequías Castillo-Lopez5Luis Zavala6Juan-David Orozco7Johannes Faas8Rudolf Krska9Qendrim Zebeli10Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaFacultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, MexicoFacultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, MexicoChristian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaDSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, AustriaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaChristian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, AustriaMycotoxins and endocrine disruptors such as phytoestrogens can affect cattle health, reproduction, and productivity. Most studies of mycotoxins in dairy feeds in Mexico and worldwide have been focused on a few (regulated) mycotoxins. In contrast, less known fungal toxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites have been neglected and underestimated. This study analyzed a broad spectrum (>800) of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites in whole-plant corn silages (WPCSs) and total mixed rations (TMRs) collected from 19 Mexican dairy farms. A validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI–MS/MS) method was used. Our results revealed 125 of >800 tested (potentially toxic) secondary metabolites. WPCSs/TMRs in Mexico presented ubiquitous contamination with mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other metabolites. The average number of mycotoxins per TMR was 24, ranging from 9 to 31. <i>Fusarium</i>-derived secondary metabolites showed the highest frequencies, concentrations, and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in TMRs were zearalenone (ZEN) (100%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (84%), and deoxynivalenol (84%). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), previously reported in Mexico, were not detected. All TMR samples tested positive for phytoestrogens. Among the investigated dietary ingredients, corn stover, sorghum silage, and concentrate proportions were the most correlated with levels of total mycotoxins, fumonisins (Fs), and ergot alkaloids, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/153feed safetymulti-mycotoxin analysisdairy farmingtotal mixed rationsmaize silagephytoestrogens |
| spellingShingle | Felipe Penagos-Tabares Michael Sulyok Juan-Ignacio Artavia Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz César Garzón-Pérez Ezequías Castillo-Lopez Luis Zavala Juan-David Orozco Johannes Faas Rudolf Krska Qendrim Zebeli Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico Toxins feed safety multi-mycotoxin analysis dairy farming total mixed rations maize silage phytoestrogens |
| title | Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico |
| title_full | Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico |
| title_short | Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico |
| title_sort | mixtures of mycotoxins phytoestrogens and other secondary metabolites in whole plant corn silages and total mixed rations of dairy farms in central and northern mexico |
| topic | feed safety multi-mycotoxin analysis dairy farming total mixed rations maize silage phytoestrogens |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/153 |
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