The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i>
We determined the allelopathic effects of crude organic (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) extracts of the cyanobacterial <i>Spirulina platensis</i> on barnyardgrass (<i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i> (L.) Beauv.) and Chinese amaranth (<i>Amaranthus tricolor</i> L....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/12/3852 |
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| author | Patchanee Charoenying Chamroon Laosinwattana Nawasit Chotsaeng |
| author_facet | Patchanee Charoenying Chamroon Laosinwattana Nawasit Chotsaeng |
| author_sort | Patchanee Charoenying |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We determined the allelopathic effects of crude organic (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) extracts of the cyanobacterial <i>Spirulina platensis</i> on barnyardgrass (<i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i> (L.) Beauv.) and Chinese amaranth (<i>Amaranthus tricolor</i> L.). The crude ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibitory activity and was subsequently fractionated by column chromatography into 23 fractions based on thin-layer chromatography band pattern similarities. Four concentrations (2000, 1000, 500, and 250 ppm) of each fraction were tested for their allelopathic activity. Fractions E6 and E13 exhibited the most significant inhibitory effects against Chinese amaranth. The constituents of the highly active E6F3-E6F5 fractions determined by GC-MS, chromatography, and spectroscopy included the fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid <b>15</b>, oleic acid <b>12</b>, and predominantly palmitic acid <b>7</b>; minor constituents included 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide <b>9</b> and C<sub>11</sub> norisoprenoids (dihydroactinidiolide <b>10</b> and 4-oxo-β-ionone <b>13</b>). Isolation of E13 fraction by column chromatography revealed four C<sub>13</sub> norisoprenoids: 3-hydroxy-β-ionone <b>17</b>, 3-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-β-ionone <b>18</b>, 3-hydroxy-5β,6β-epoxy-β-ionone <b>19</b>, and loliolide <b>20</b>. Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. All six isolated norisoprenoids inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese amaranth at concentrations of 250–1000 ppm. Allelochemicals from <i>S. platensis</i> could be utilized in the development of novel bioactive herbicides. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:55:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c49efdd9ffa741fa90a88c84a6512a50 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:55:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-c49efdd9ffa741fa90a88c84a6512a502023-11-23T18:12:29ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-06-012712385210.3390/molecules27123852The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i>Patchanee Charoenying0Chamroon Laosinwattana1Nawasit Chotsaeng2Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandDepartment of Plant Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandDepartment of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, ThailandWe determined the allelopathic effects of crude organic (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) extracts of the cyanobacterial <i>Spirulina platensis</i> on barnyardgrass (<i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i> (L.) Beauv.) and Chinese amaranth (<i>Amaranthus tricolor</i> L.). The crude ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibitory activity and was subsequently fractionated by column chromatography into 23 fractions based on thin-layer chromatography band pattern similarities. Four concentrations (2000, 1000, 500, and 250 ppm) of each fraction were tested for their allelopathic activity. Fractions E6 and E13 exhibited the most significant inhibitory effects against Chinese amaranth. The constituents of the highly active E6F3-E6F5 fractions determined by GC-MS, chromatography, and spectroscopy included the fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid <b>15</b>, oleic acid <b>12</b>, and predominantly palmitic acid <b>7</b>; minor constituents included 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide <b>9</b> and C<sub>11</sub> norisoprenoids (dihydroactinidiolide <b>10</b> and 4-oxo-β-ionone <b>13</b>). Isolation of E13 fraction by column chromatography revealed four C<sub>13</sub> norisoprenoids: 3-hydroxy-β-ionone <b>17</b>, 3-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-β-ionone <b>18</b>, 3-hydroxy-5β,6β-epoxy-β-ionone <b>19</b>, and loliolide <b>20</b>. Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. All six isolated norisoprenoids inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese amaranth at concentrations of 250–1000 ppm. Allelochemicals from <i>S. platensis</i> could be utilized in the development of novel bioactive herbicides.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/12/3852allelopathic effects<i>Spirulina platensis</i>cyanobacteriaallelochemicalChinese amaranthbarnyardgrass |
| spellingShingle | Patchanee Charoenying Chamroon Laosinwattana Nawasit Chotsaeng The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> Molecules allelopathic effects <i>Spirulina platensis</i> cyanobacteria allelochemical Chinese amaranth barnyardgrass |
| title | The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> |
| title_full | The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> |
| title_short | The Allelopathic Activity of Extracts and Isolated from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> |
| title_sort | allelopathic activity of extracts and isolated from i spirulina platensis i |
| topic | allelopathic effects <i>Spirulina platensis</i> cyanobacteria allelochemical Chinese amaranth barnyardgrass |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/12/3852 |
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