Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
Although numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4238 |
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| author | Shuangshuang Shi Wang Li Kefei Zhang Suqin Wu Jiaqi Shi Fucheng Song Peng Sun |
| author_facet | Shuangshuang Shi Wang Li Kefei Zhang Suqin Wu Jiaqi Shi Fucheng Song Peng Sun |
| author_sort | Shuangshuang Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-2 data are still undesirable, especially under geomagnetic storm conditions. In this study, the IPPVs measured by ionosondes (Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, Jicamarca, Cachoeira Paulista, and Santa Maria) during the period 1 October 2019 to 31 August 2021, are used to evaluate the quality of COSMIC-2 data over low-latitude regions of the Americas. The results show that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from COSMIC-2 agrees well with the ionosonde measurements, and the correlation coefficients for the two sets of data at the above six stations are 0.93 (0.84), 0.91 (0.85), 0.91 (0.88), 0.88 (0.79), 0.96 (0.83), and 0.96 (0.87), respectively. The data quality of COSMIC-2 derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is largely dependent on geomagnetic latitude. It was also found that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> derived from COSMIC-2 tends to be underestimated over the stations in Boa Vista and Cachoeira Paulista, which are close to the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), whilst that of the other stations is slightly overestimated. A comparison between COSMIC-measured and ionosonde-derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> indicates that the former is systematically higher than the latter. In addition, the differences in the two <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> datasets derived from COSMIC-2 and ionosonde measurements at night are generally smaller than those of daytime, when the EIA is well developed, and vice versa for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whose RMSE is slightly smaller during daytime (with the exception of Ramey). Furthermore, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> obtained from COSMIC-2 is shown to perform best in summer at Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, and Santa Maria, best in winter at Jicamarca and Cachoeira Paulista. Finally, the COSMIC-2 electron densities capture the ionospheric dynamic enhancements under a moderate geomagnetic storm condition very well. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:13Z |
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| id | doaj.art-c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:54:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c2023-11-22T21:30:30ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-10-011321423810.3390/rs13214238Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of IonosondesShuangshuang Shi0Wang Li1Kefei Zhang2Suqin Wu3Jiaqi Shi4Fucheng Song5Peng Sun6Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, ChinaJiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, ChinaAlthough numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-2 data are still undesirable, especially under geomagnetic storm conditions. In this study, the IPPVs measured by ionosondes (Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, Jicamarca, Cachoeira Paulista, and Santa Maria) during the period 1 October 2019 to 31 August 2021, are used to evaluate the quality of COSMIC-2 data over low-latitude regions of the Americas. The results show that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from COSMIC-2 agrees well with the ionosonde measurements, and the correlation coefficients for the two sets of data at the above six stations are 0.93 (0.84), 0.91 (0.85), 0.91 (0.88), 0.88 (0.79), 0.96 (0.83), and 0.96 (0.87), respectively. The data quality of COSMIC-2 derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is largely dependent on geomagnetic latitude. It was also found that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> derived from COSMIC-2 tends to be underestimated over the stations in Boa Vista and Cachoeira Paulista, which are close to the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), whilst that of the other stations is slightly overestimated. A comparison between COSMIC-measured and ionosonde-derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> indicates that the former is systematically higher than the latter. In addition, the differences in the two <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> datasets derived from COSMIC-2 and ionosonde measurements at night are generally smaller than those of daytime, when the EIA is well developed, and vice versa for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whose RMSE is slightly smaller during daytime (with the exception of Ramey). Furthermore, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> obtained from COSMIC-2 is shown to perform best in summer at Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, and Santa Maria, best in winter at Jicamarca and Cachoeira Paulista. Finally, the COSMIC-2 electron densities capture the ionospheric dynamic enhancements under a moderate geomagnetic storm condition very well.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4238COSMIC-2data validationNmF2hmF2equatorial ionization anomalygeomagnetic storm |
| spellingShingle | Shuangshuang Shi Wang Li Kefei Zhang Suqin Wu Jiaqi Shi Fucheng Song Peng Sun Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes Remote Sensing COSMIC-2 data validation NmF2 hmF2 equatorial ionization anomaly geomagnetic storm |
| title | Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes |
| title_full | Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes |
| title_fullStr | Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes |
| title_short | Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes |
| title_sort | validation of cosmic 2 derived ionospheric peak parameters using measurements of ionosondes |
| topic | COSMIC-2 data validation NmF2 hmF2 equatorial ionization anomaly geomagnetic storm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4238 |
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