Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study
Automatic modulation recognition plays a vital role in electronic warfare. Modern electronic intelligence and electronic support measures systems are able to automatically distinguish the modulation type of an intercepted radar signal by means of real-time intra-pulse analysis. This extra informatio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2840 |
| _version_ | 1797537343455887360 |
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| author | Hubert Milczarek Czesław Leśnik Igor Djurović Adam Kawalec |
| author_facet | Hubert Milczarek Czesław Leśnik Igor Djurović Adam Kawalec |
| author_sort | Hubert Milczarek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Automatic modulation recognition plays a vital role in electronic warfare. Modern electronic intelligence and electronic support measures systems are able to automatically distinguish the modulation type of an intercepted radar signal by means of real-time intra-pulse analysis. This extra information can facilitate deinterleaving process as well as be utilized in early warning systems or give better insight into the performance of hostile radars. Existing modulation recognition algorithms usually extract signal features from one of the rudimentary waveform characteristics, namely instantaneous frequency (IF). Currently, there are a small number of studies concerning IF estimation methods, specifically for radar signals, whereas estimator accuracy may adversely affect the performance of the whole classification process. In this paper, five popular methods of evaluating the IF–law of frequency modulated radar signals are compared. The considered algorithms incorporate the two most prevalent estimation techniques, i.e., phase finite differences and time-frequency representations. The novel approach based on the generalized quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) method is also proposed. The results of simulation experiments show that the proposed QML estimator is significantly more accurate than the other considered techniques. Furthermore, for the first time in the publicly available literature, multipath influence on IF estimates has been investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:13:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-c4bfb48a540d45129a24154e641007e1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:13:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-c4bfb48a540d45129a24154e641007e12023-11-21T16:00:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-04-01218284010.3390/s21082840Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative StudyHubert Milczarek0Czesław Leśnik1Igor Djurović2Adam Kawalec3Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, PolandElectrical Engineering Department, University of Montenegro, Cetinjski Put 2, 81 000 Podgorica, MontenegroFaculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, PolandAutomatic modulation recognition plays a vital role in electronic warfare. Modern electronic intelligence and electronic support measures systems are able to automatically distinguish the modulation type of an intercepted radar signal by means of real-time intra-pulse analysis. This extra information can facilitate deinterleaving process as well as be utilized in early warning systems or give better insight into the performance of hostile radars. Existing modulation recognition algorithms usually extract signal features from one of the rudimentary waveform characteristics, namely instantaneous frequency (IF). Currently, there are a small number of studies concerning IF estimation methods, specifically for radar signals, whereas estimator accuracy may adversely affect the performance of the whole classification process. In this paper, five popular methods of evaluating the IF–law of frequency modulated radar signals are compared. The considered algorithms incorporate the two most prevalent estimation techniques, i.e., phase finite differences and time-frequency representations. The novel approach based on the generalized quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) method is also proposed. The results of simulation experiments show that the proposed QML estimator is significantly more accurate than the other considered techniques. Furthermore, for the first time in the publicly available literature, multipath influence on IF estimates has been investigated.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2840electronic support measureselectronic intelligenceradar signalmodulation recognitionintrapulse analysisinstantaneous frequency |
| spellingShingle | Hubert Milczarek Czesław Leśnik Igor Djurović Adam Kawalec Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study Sensors electronic support measures electronic intelligence radar signal modulation recognition intrapulse analysis instantaneous frequency |
| title | Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study |
| title_full | Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study |
| title_fullStr | Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study |
| title_short | Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals—A Comparative Study |
| title_sort | estimating the instantaneous frequency of linear and nonlinear frequency modulated radar signals a comparative study |
| topic | electronic support measures electronic intelligence radar signal modulation recognition intrapulse analysis instantaneous frequency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2840 |
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